Quantification and Genetic Analysis of Salivirus/Klassevirus in Wastewater in Arizona, USA

Abstract

Salivirus/klassevirus sequences were identified in 7 (15 %) wastewater samples collected in Arizona monthly for a year, with the highest concentration of 2.28 9 10 5 and 2.46 9 10 4 copies/L in influent and effluent, respectively. This is the first report of quantification and genetic analysis of salivirus/klassevirus in water samples in the United States.

A review on hospital wastewater treatment: A special emphasis on occurrence and removal of pharmaceutically active compounds, resistant microorganisms, and SARS-CoV-2

“…The number of copies of RNA detected increased by ten times over a period of 20 days, during which the number of COVID-19 patients also increased by two times in Ahmedabad. A similar correlation between the number of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the number of COVID-19 patients was also observed in Australia, China, and France [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] . Kitajima et al (2020) reported 2 × 10 5 and 3 × 10 4 copies/L SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/L in the wastewater of Massachusetts, United States of America, and Bozeman, Montana, respectively, while wastewater in France accounted for 10 5 to 10 6 SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies/L [80] .…”

Saliviruses-the first knowledge about a newly discovered human picornavirus

“…In South Korea, 57.1% (8/14) of the incoming sewage samples collected monthly from a wastewater treatment plant were positive for salivirus in years 2010/2012 in Seoul . Salivirus sequences were also identified in 7 (15%) wastewater samples collected in Arizona, United States, monthly for a year in 2011/2012, with the highest concentration of 2.28 × 10 5 and 2.46 × 10 4 copies per liter in influent and effluent, respectively . In this study, 3 to 12 different salivirus sequences were identified per sample, indicating the genetic variations of salivirus.…”

Occurrence and genetic diversity of human cosavirus in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants in Arizona, United States

“…More recently, Haramoto and Otagiri reported the detection of HCoSV in wastewater and river water in Japan, demonstrating a high prevalence in tested samples (raw sewage, 71 %; secondary-treated sewage, 29 %; river water, 29 %) with the highest concentration of 2.80 9 10 6 copies/liter in raw sewage [7]. Moreover, our recent work revealed the presence of another emerging picornavirus potentially associated with infantile gastroenteritis and AFP, namely, salivirus/klassevirus, in wastewater samples collected from Arizona, the United States [8]. These recent findings prompted us to carry out a year-long investigation on the occurrence and genetic diversity of HCoSV in wastewater in Arizona.…”