Quantification and regulation of the adipokines resistin and progranulin in human cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract

Resistin and progranulin represent novel and putative regulators of the fat-brain axis by their ability to cross the BBB under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The presented data provide insight into the characteristics of BBB function regarding progranulin and resistin and the basis for future establishment of normal values for CSF concentrations and CSF/serum ratios.

Peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher cerebrospinal fluid progranulin indicate axonal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

“…CSF and serum albumin was determined by rate nephelometry and CSF albumin / serum albumin ratio (Q alb × 10 ‐3 ) was calculated to assess blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Recently, in various neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases a relationship between CSF PGRN and Q alb has been reported, claiming that CSF PGRN levels depend on blood‐CSF / BBB integrity . Moreover, in our sample, 30% of the patients revealed BBB integrity loss as they displayed Q alb values above the normal range (data not shown in detail).…”

“…The approach to normalize CSF PGRN against Q alb was based on recent findings that higher CSF PGRN levels were related to a higher albumin ratio, which is the most common biochemical parameter to determine BBB integrity loss. Indeed, several studies have provided evidence that BBB breakdown plays a role in ALS .…”

CTRP‐3 is permeable to the blood–brain barrier and is not regulated by glucose or lipids in vivo

“…This study cohort was characterized and published earlier for common anthropometric and laboratory parameters as well as for lipidinduced postprandial regulation of several adipokines [24][25][26][27] and bile acids [28]. Detailed and further information concerning the study procedure can be referred from the literature [29,30]. All participants were informed about the aim of the study and gave informed consent.…”

Stability of Progranulin Under Pre-Analytical Conditions in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid

“…Levels of human PGRN vary widely among different studies in blood as well as in CSF [4,21,22]. In fact, ranges of PGRN levels in group analyses often do not even overlap between different studies in clinically comparable groups.…”