Quantification of bottlenecks to fast charging of lithium-ion-insertion cells for electric vehicles

Chandrasekaran, Rajeswari

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.106

Cited by 57 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…32 Chandrasekaran reported for a 2 mAh/cm 2 cell that simulations indicated conditions thermodynamically favorable to lithium plating occurred at the 2C rate (i.e., 4 mA/cm 2 ). 16 There-in, both electrolyte concentration overpotential and interfacial kinetic overpotentials contributed to the favorable conditions for lithium plating. This agrees well with our observations as well as Burns et al 18 Modifications may be made to a graphite electrode to allow for higher rate continuous or pulse charging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15 Following the work of Arora et al, researchers have continue to use continuum models based on porous electrode theory to predict when conditions favorable to lithium plating may occur. 16,17 Recently, Burns et al presented a new method to capture coulombic inefficiency proposed to originate from lithium plating. 18 The ultrahigh precision allows for the onset of plating to be measured after only one cycle rather than prolonged aging protocols or specialized cell configurations for reference electrodes.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

536

449

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Increasing the areal capacity or electrode thickness in lithium ion batteries is one possible means to increase pack level energy density while simultaneously lowering cost. The physics that limit use of high areal capacity as a function of battery power to energy ratio are poorly understood and thus most currently produced automotive lithium ion cells utilize modest loadings to ensure long life over the vehicle battery operation. Here we show electrolyte transport limits the utilization of the positive electrode at critical C-rates during discharge; whereas, a combination of electrolyte transport and polarization lead to lithium plating in the graphite electrode during charge. Experimental measurements are compared with theoretical predictions based on concentrated solution and porous electrode theories. An analytical expression is derived to provide design criteria for long lived operation based on the physical properties of the electrode and electrolyte. Finally, a guideline is proposed that graphite cells should avoid charge current densities near or above 4 mA/cm 2 unless additional precautions have been made to avoid deleterious side reaction. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are currently being used as the primary energy storage device in hybrid, plug-in, and all electric vehicles. This commercialization has been possible only by leveraging decades of previous scientific and engineering advances on materials, electrodes, and cell development. However, interactions in this complex system are still not fully understood. Automotive grade battery cells are required to fulfill a variety of optimization criteria in order to meet customer expectations and enable highly functional, robust and competitive products. In Fig. 1, key cell level criteria are shown for available technology as well as future development goals. Many of these values are highly influential on each other. In order to optimize one of the criteria it is always necessary to critically evaluate the impact on others. Key goals are to increase vehicle range and decrease cost at the same time. Minimizing the fraction of non-active material is an intuitive path to achieve these goals; however, the cell power and rate capability must simultaneously be maintained. [1][2][3] To derive clear development goals, the high level targets can be broken down to specific component requirements on the different levels of a storage system. 1,4 In Fig. 2, an analysis is shown for a state of the art prismatic hard-case automotive cell format. A battery level specific energy of ∼225 Wh/kg is widely accepted to be a critical value for sustainable implementation of long range electric vehicles. It represents a useful ratio between vehicle weight and range. In order to achieve this high specific energy, all subcomponents of the storage system have to meet demanding requirements as well. On the cell level, large format cells are favorable as they reduce the amount of cell housing needed per cell volume. Prismatic cell formats have a positive influence on the packing densi...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Gallagher

Trask

Bauer

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

536

449

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In turn, this can contribute to higher polarizations (i.e., lower cell voltages), variations in Li-ion insertion and extraction across the cell resulting in lower extracted capacities, and to lithium plating on the anode during charge. 13 In this work, we investigate how compressive stresses during cell cycling deform polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) separators, change microstructural parameters, and affect lithium ion battery performance. Our experimental and computational approach is outlined in Figure 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

Designing Polyolefin Separators to Minimize the Impact of Local Compressive Stresses on Lithium Ion Battery Performance

Lagadec

Zahn

Wood

2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this paper, we study how polyolefin separators respond to compressive stress, which can occur during battery operation as active particles lithiate, expand, and push into and deform the separator. We use real microstructures of polyethylene and polypropylene separators acquired with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopic (FIB-SEM) tomography and simulate how these structures deform under compressive strain. After validating our mechanical simulations, we characterize how the microstructural properties of the separators change as a function of compressive strain and simulate the influence these changes in microstructure have on the lithium ion transport through the separator. We find that a given compressive strain negatively impacts the microstructure of polyethylene separator more than that of a polypropylene separator. To understand the origins of the different response to compressive strains in polyethylene and polypropylene separators, we use a network-based analysis to assess the type of mechanical deformations occurring in the separator membrane and show that it is the combination of material properties and structure that are responsible for the greater stability of polypropylene. This work highlights how the structure of a separator plays an important role in its mechanical robustness and prevention of cell degradation.

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“…Battery energy storage systems (BESS) have been widely used in various applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs), consumer electronics, medical devices, smart grid, energy backup in data centers, and among others [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. For EV applications, what is referred to be as "range anxiety" is one of the major reasons that prohibit or slows down the adoption of EVs [9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To eliminate range anxiety in and extend the driving range of EVs, different methods have been discussed in the literature [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], such as increasing battery pack capacity, utilizing a faster charging method, utilizing a battery pack swapping method, achieving dynamic wireless charging, etc. While these methods can be effective to extend the driving range of EVs, some design challenges or drawbacks cannot be ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small-Signal Modeling and Analysis for a Wirelessly Distributed and Enabled Battery Energy Storage System of Electric Vehicles

Cao

Qahouq

2019

Applied Sciences

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This paper presents small-signal modeling, analysis, and control design for wireless distributed and enabled battery energy storage system (WEDES) for electric vehicles (EVs), which can realize the active state-of-charge (SOC) balancing between each WEDES battery module and maintain operation with a regulated bus voltage. The derived small-signal models of the WEDES system consist of several sub-models, such as the DC-DC boost converter model, wireless power transfer model, and the models of control compensators. The small-signal models are able to provide deep insight analysis of the steady-state and dynamics of the WEDES battery system and provide design guidelines or criteria of the WEDES controller. The derived small-signal models and controller design are evaluated and validated by both MATLAB®/SIMULINK simulation and hardware experimental prototype.

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Quantification of bottlenecks to fast charging of lithium-ion-insertion cells for electric vehicles

Cited by 57 publications

References 15 publications

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Optimizing Areal Capacities through Understanding the Limitations of Lithium-Ion Electrodes

Designing Polyolefin Separators to Minimize the Impact of Local Compressive Stresses on Lithium Ion Battery Performance

Small-Signal Modeling and Analysis for a Wirelessly Distributed and Enabled Battery Energy Storage System of Electric Vehicles

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