Quantification of C<sub>60</sub> fullerene concentrations in water

Chen, Zhuo; Westerhoff, Paul; Herckès, Pierre

doi:10.1897/07-560.1

Cited by 98 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, low concentrations in surface water were estimated, 0.001 ng/L and 0.003 ng/L for CNTs and fullerenes, respectively [6]. To our knowledge, these concentrations are all orders of magnitude lower than those needed for all analytical techniques that can be used to quantify CNPs in environmental media, although a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry procedure has been used to detect fullerene concentrations in complex media as low as 300 ng/L [21]. Currently, these modeled values cannot be corroborated using environmental samples.…”

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confidence: 94%

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Petersen

Henry

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

114

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Abstract-The recent emergence of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) that are released into the environment and lead to exposure in organisms has accelerated the need to determine NP toxicity. Techniques for measuring the toxicity of NPs (nanotoxicology) in ecological receptors (nanoecotoxicology) are in their infancy, however, and establishing standardized ecotoxicity tests for NPs are presently limited by several factors. These factors include the extent of NP characterization necessary (or possible) before, during, and after toxicity tests such that toxic effects can be related to physicochemical characteristics of NPs; determining uptake and distribution of NPs within exposed organisms (does uptake occur or are effects exerted at organism surfaces?); and determining the appropriate types of controls to incorporate into ecotoxicity tests with NPs. In this review, the authors focus on the important elements of measuring the ecotoxicity of carbon NPs (CNPs) and make recommendations for ecotoxicology testing that should enable more rigorous interpretations of collected data and interlaboratory comparisons. This review is intended to serve as a next step toward developing standardized tests that can be incorporated into a regulatory framework for CNPs. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.

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confidence: 94%

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Petersen

Henry

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

114

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“…The chromatographic separation of fullerenes can be achieved by C18 reversed-phase 207 chromatography using conventional LC columns (5 µm particle size) [10][11][12][13]17,[20][21][22][23] mainly with 208 toluene-methanol or toluene-acetonitrile mixtures as mobile phase. In order to reduce analysis time, 209 in this study two C18 reversed-phase columns were evaluated, a fused-core (Ascentis Express) and 210 a sub-2 µm (Hypersil GOLD) column.…”

Section: Chromatographic and Matrix Effect Studies 206mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,8 85 Although liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection has been proposed for the 86 analysis of fullerenes, [9][10][11][12][13][14] liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the most 87 commonly used technique nowadays for the determination and characterization of fullerenes and 88 substituted fullerenes in complex matrices. 11,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Most of these studies have mainly dealt with the 89 separation and determination of C 60 and C 70 fullerenes or some of the C 60 -substituted fullerenes. 10-…”

Section: Introduction 67 68mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Fullerenes

Núñez

Gallart-Ayala

Martins³

et al. 2012

Anal. Chem.

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Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) was evaluated for the analysis of fullerenes. An important response improvement was found when using toluene mediated APPI in negative mode if compared with other atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources (electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization). Fullerene APPI negative mass spectra were dominated by the isotopic cluster of the molecular ion, although isotopic patterns for M+1, M+2, and M+3 ions showed higher than expected relative abundances. These discrepancies are explained by the presence of two isobaric ions, one due to 13 C and the other due to the addition of hydrogen to a double bond of the fullerene structure. Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry, and accurate mass measurements were used to confirm these assignments. Additionally, cluster ions M+16 and M+32 were characterized following the same strategy. Ions due to the addition of oxygen and alkyl additions were attributed to the presence of methanol in the mobile phase. For the fast chromatographic separation of fullerenes (less than 3.5 min), a sub-2 μm C18 column and isocratic elution (toluene/methanol, 45:55 v/v) was used. Highly selective-selected ion monitoring (H-SIM) mode (mass resolving power, >12 500 fwhm) was proposed monitoring the two most intense isotope ions in the [M] −• cluster. Method limits of quantitation down to 10 pg L −1 for C 60 and C 70 fullerenes and between 0.75 and 5.0 ng L −1 for larger fullerenes were obtained. Finally, the ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-APPI-MS method was used to analyze fullerenes in river and pond water samples.

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“…A few procedures have been proposed for the recovery of nanomaterials from aqueous phase. C 60 fullerene was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with toluene or by solid-phase extraction with octadecylsilyl [6,7]. Ag nanoparticles were recovered with anion exchange resin beads [8], whereas Au nanoparticles [9], CdTe quantum dots [10], and nanosized copper [1] were extracted with ionic liquids separately.…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of cloud point extraction for removal of nanosized copper oxide from wastewater

2010

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Triton X-114 based cloud point extraction has been demonstrated to be an advantageous approach for the recovery of nanosized copper oxide (NCO) from water. The removal of NCO was influenced by the concentrations of TX-114 and salt, incubation temperature and time, as well as solution pH. With the addition of 0.3% (w/v) Triton X-114, over 88% of the spiked NCO was removed from wastewater after incubation at 35°C for 2 h and centrifugation, whereas over 85% of NCO was recovered after incubation at 28°C for 20 h by gravity phase separation, which is economical and energy-saving. This study suggests that the cloud point extraction technique has great potential in removal of nanomaterials from wastewater. . With the development of nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials, engineered nanomaterials are also inevitably released into the aqueous environment. Recently the safety of engineered nanomaterials is increasingly concerned, as studies suggested that the toxicity of nanomaterials is not only from their own intrinsic toxicity, but also from their effects on the generation, transport and exposure of toxic substances [4,5].Therefore, we have to address the problem of removal of nanowaste with potential toxicity. A few procedures have been proposed for the recovery of nanomaterials from aqueous phase. C 60 fullerene was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with toluene or by solid-phase extraction with octadecylsilyl [6,7]. Ag nanoparticles were recovered with anion exchange resin beads [8], whereas Au nanoparticles [9], CdTe quantum dots [10], and nanosized copper [1] were extracted with ionic liquids separately. These procedures were conducted on the basis of various mechanisms, thus a general, effective, economic, and mature method that is applicable to various nanomaterials is urgently needed. Recently, our group has discovered that Triton X-114 based cloud point extraction (CPE) provides a general, simple, and cost-effective route for reversible concentration/separation and dispersion of various nanomaterials in aqueous phase [11].The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of CPE for the recovery of nanomaterials in wastewater by using nanosized copper oxide (NCO) as a model. NCO is reported to widely exist in semiconductor industrial waste water with a considerable concentration [1].

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Quantification of C₆₀ fullerene concentrations in water

Cited by 98 publications

References 43 publications

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Fullerenes

Use of cloud point extraction for removal of nanosized copper oxide from wastewater

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Quantification of C60 fullerene concentrations in water

Cited by 98 publications

References 43 publications

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Methodological considerations for testing the ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes: Review

Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Fullerenes

Use of cloud point extraction for removal of nanosized copper oxide from wastewater

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Quantification of C₆₀ fullerene concentrations in water