Quantification of dopant species using atom probe tomography for semiconductor application

Abstract

Doping of semiconductors serve various purposes in metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology, eg, increase carrier concentration and modify electric field distribution. With the scaling down of device and the introduction of three‐dimensional fin field‐effect transistors (FinFET), precise and reliable dopant quantification of concentration at the nano‐scale is critical. Laser‐assisted atom probe tomography (APT) provides a unique approach to characterize and quantify the dopant in three dimensions at sub‐nanometer resolution. Nevertheless, quantification accuracy of APT is strongly influenced by the experimental conditions. Although B quantification has been widely studied, the correlation of B signal loss to B concentration is not yet established. In addition, no phosphorous quantification study has been reported. In this work, we found that, due to B multi‐hit effect in APT, high B dose sample has larger B loading compared with low B dose sample. For standard calibration with minimized impact from multi‐hit effect, we recommend B dose in the range of 1e14 atoms/cm2. Despite the fact that B loading is dose dependent, APT quantification of B achieves precision within 2% to 6% relative standard deviation (RSD), which demonstrates that APT has good accuracy. On the other hand, P quantification suffers from mass interference of 31P+ and 31P22+ at 31 Da resulting in a large loading between APT and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Nevertheless, we recommend that 31 Da to be labeled as 31P+ for smaller P variation for the APT analysis.

Probing structural and chemical evolution in (AlxGa1−x)2O3 using atom probe tomography: A review

“…APT has already demonstrated its outstanding capability in characterizing dopants profile in other semiconductor systems having complex 3D geometry and complex alloy chemistry [110,111,112]. Inspired from these results, Si doped (Al x Ga 1−x ) 2 O 3 with x = 0-1.0 was investigated by APT [113].…”

Probing structural and chemical evolution in (AlxGa1−x)2O3using atom probe tomography: A review

“…Also, a firm knowledge is required about how the dopant atoms are interacting with the matrix, especially, when the alloy composition is varied. APT has already demonstrated its outstanding capability in characterizing dopants profile in other semiconductor systems having complex 3D geometry and complex alloy chemistry [110,111,112]. Inspired from these results, Si doped (Al x Ga 1−x ) 2 O 3 with x = 0-1.0 was investigated by APT [113].…”