“…On the other hand, HPLC with PAD or refractive index (RI) detector have also been used to identify and quantify glucose, fructose, sucrose, and FOS derivatives kestose, nystose, and 1-fructofuranosylnystose in fermentative media ( 16 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 37 ), revealing to be a suitable routine technique considering their high levels present in fermentation samples. Other techniques have also been proposed and successfully applied for FOS detection, identification, and/or quantification, namely nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS, or even using HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization tandem MS ( 19 , 38 , 39 ). Even so, these last techniques are not commonly used since they are technically demanding ( 19 ) and far beyond the economic capacity of the majority of FOS producers.…”