Quantification of furosemide in camel plasma by high resolution mass spectrometry, application on pharmacokinetics

Abstract

We developed and validated a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the quantification of furosemide in camel plasma which was used for a pharmacokinetic study in camels. Plasma samples were extracted by supported liquid extraction and furosemide and internal standard (furosemide-D5) were separated on a an Agilent Zorbax XDB C column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 μm). Data was acquired in full-scan mode over a mass range of 200-400 Da in negative electrospray mode at a resolution of 70,000. Linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration ranges of 1.0-10,000 ng/mL. The validated method was then successfully applied in evaluating the pharmacokinetics and metabolites of furosemide in six camels (Camelus dromedarus) and we were able to advice on a withdrawal time of furosemide treatment before racing.

Effects of two‐dose intravenous administration of furosemide on clinical variables, electrocardiographic indices and serum electrolytes in dromedary calves

“…The reasons for the difference between these studies of ours and others may be due to differences in age, sex, species studied, physiological conditions and dosage of furosemide (Pourjafar et al, 2013). Wasfi et al (2017) discussed the importance of the effect of metabolic condition in camelide on the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide.…”

“…Electrolyte disturbances due to extensive administration of potent diuretics may lead to cardiac dysrhythmia. Hypokalemia is one of the common electrolyte disturbances as a side effect of diuretics (Wasfi et al., 2017). Changes in ECG after furosemide administration are largely unknown and there have been limited studies in veterinary science (Pourjafar et al., 2013).…”

“…There were no published articles about pharmacological effects of furosemide at higher doses (such as 10 mg/kg) in dromedary calves and it may be associated with side effects and unpredictable complications. The 48‐hr time course chosen for present study was based on what is known about the pharmacokinetic characteristic of furosemide in ruminants (Ali et al., 1998; Wasfi et al., 2017). It should be noted that camelides are ‘pseudoruminants’ or ‘modified ruminants’ compared with bovine, caprine and ovine that are true ruminants.…”

“…Wasfi et al. (2017) discussed the importance of the effect of metabolic condition in camelide on the pharmacokinetic parameters of furosemide.…”