Quantification of <i>p</i>‐phenylenediamine and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone in henna tattoos

Almeida, Pablo; Borrego, Leopoldo; Melián, E. Pulido; Díaz, O. González

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01992.x

Cited by 56 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…The potency of PPD as an allergen is directly related to its concentration and the duration of exposure to the skin; as vendors of black henna are entirely unregulated, the concentration of PPD can reach up to 16%, far in excess of that permissible in hair dyes [2,7,8]. Discordance between siblings who are both exposed to the same allergen is well recognised in the context of henna tattoos, with certain genotypes being more susceptible to contact allergy to PPD [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Perhaps public health strategy should focus on educating travellers of the potential risks of temporary tattoos, particularly in the population who have had a previous adverse reaction to henna or hair dye. Nonetheless, the application of unadulterated red-brown henna is likely to be safe, except in those individuals with glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase deficiency [3,8].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporary Tattoos with Lasting Consequences

Swan¹

2015

J Allergy Ther

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Abstract:Body art and tattoos have become a ubiquitous part of modern culture and the popularity and availability of unregulated temporary henna-based tattoos has increased. The addition of para-phenylenediamine to natural henna makes the tattoo set quicker and gives a darker coloration; however, it is a potent allergen. We describe the case of an 11 year old girl who developed a Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to a black henna tattoo. This case highlights the importance of public education about potent allergens that may be encountered in products such as henna tattoos.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporary Tattoos with Lasting Consequences

Swan¹

2015

J Allergy Ther

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“…Patch tests did not reveal sensitization to PPD or other para-compounds. 2 According to the morphology, which was sharply confined to the site of application, the absence of any eczematous changes, the necrotic epidermis and its evolution, and finally the twice negative patch tests, we concluded that the patient suffered from an acute toxic reaction resulting in a superficial epidermal necrosis with consecutive hypopigmentation. The composition of the tattoo dye was unknown; apparently, it contained an irritant ingredient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Undeclared concentrations between 1% to 63% PPD have been demonstrated in dyes used for henna tattoos. 1,2 This may result in active sensitization in young individuals with long-term sequelae and consequences. 3 We present an unusual irritant reaction from a black henna tattoo without sensitization to PPD but residual hypopigmentation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Irritant Contact Dermatitis From a Black Henna Tattoo Without Sensitization to Para-phenylendiamine

2013

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Allergic contact dermatitis from nonpermanent black henna tattoos has been frequently reported, particularly in children. Contamination or adulteration of the dyes with para-phenylendiamine has been identified as major cause of active sensitization and elicitation of severe allergic contact dermatitis. Sequelae include permanent sensitization, hyper- or hypopigmentation, scarring, keloids, and hypertrichosis. We report a rare case of irritant dermatitis to an unknown ingredient in a black henna tattoo with consecutive hypopigmentation. Sensitization to para-phenylendiamine and other para-compounds was excluded by patch test evaluation. This is relevant for future exposure to consumer products such as hair dyes or in occupational settings. Generally, black henna tattoos, particularly if done with dyes of unknown composition, should be strongly discouraged.

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“…The content of PPD in temporary henna tattoos has been reported to vary between 0.43 and 15.7 %, which is higher than the allowed concentration of PPD in permanent hair dyes [19,20]. Some preparations of temporary henna tattooing have been observed not to contain brown henna at all [18].…”

Section: Temporary Henna Tattoos (Black Henna)mentioning

confidence: 99%

p-Phenylenediamine and Risk of Sensitization in Children

Schwensen

Johansen

2014

Curr Treat Options Allergy

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Opinion statementContact allergy to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in children has been described over almost 2 decades, indicating a major problem. PPD can be found in permanent hair dyes and temporary henna tattoos. Children often get sensitized to PPD at a relatively young age when getting a temporary henna tattoo while away on holiday in exotic surroundings. This results in a localized acute allergic reaction at the site of the tattoo within 1-2 weeks after the tattoo has been drawn. The symptoms will clear over weeks on treatment with topical corticosteroids. However, sensitization to PPD will be life-long and may later result in very severe allergic reactions if re-exposure to PPD happens, e.g., by hair dyeing. Populationbased studies indicate that even young children may get their hair dyed and that many teenage girls dye their hair regularly. Exposure to permanent hair dyes with PPD and related substances may in itself lead to PPD sensitization and severe allergic reactions. The allergic reaction will typically develop within hours after dyeing the hair, with clinical presented symptoms such as facial edema and facial dermatitis, which also may generalize. This may lead to hospital admission and treatment with systemic corticosteroids. It is important to note that this is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and should be treated as such. Antihistamines have no effect in this situation. PPD sensitization may have long-term carrier consequences, as, for example, PPD contact allergy in a teenage girl may hinder her entering the hairdressing trade. Patch testing is used to make the diagnosis of PPD sensitization. In children with severe clinical reactions to temporary henna tattoos and/or permanent hair dyes, it is advisable to start the patch testing with PPD in a low concentration, e.g., 0.01 % PPD in petrolatum. It is not recommended to get temporary henna tattoos under any circumstances and children under the age of 16 years should not use permanent hair dyes in order to avoid severe allergic reactions and life-long sensitization to PPD.

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Quantification of p‐phenylenediamine and 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone in henna tattoos

Abstract: Products purporting to be henna, but that in fact contain no henna, are being offered. Moreover, these products may contain PPD, which is associated with health risks, especially severe allergic reactions.

Cited by 56 publications

References 17 publications

Temporary Tattoos with Lasting Consequences

Temporary Tattoos with Lasting Consequences

Irritant Contact Dermatitis From a Black Henna Tattoo Without Sensitization to Para-phenylendiamine

p-Phenylenediamine and Risk of Sensitization in Children

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