Quantification of Noble Metals in Biological and Environmental Samples

X-ray Structure Analysis of Indazolium trans-[Tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (KP1019) Bound to Human Serum Albumin Reveals Two Ruthenium Binding Sites and Provides Insights into the Drug Binding Mechanism

“…Nevertheless, there are various possibilities to develop new anticancer active drugs coming from the field of inorganic chemistry that should expand the spectrum of sensitive tumors that are better tolerated than classical antitumor agents. 3 , 4 In this regard, ruthenium-containing compounds are very promising and are therefore considered as next generation metal-based anticancer agents due to their significant antineoplastic and antimetastatic properties causing less side effects and drug resistance. 5 − 8 The Ru(II) and Ru(III) oxidation states are the most stable under physiological conditions with the latter being relatively inert and thus less or not at all active, which led to the not entirely undisputed “activation by reduction” theory as a possible explanation for the high selectivity of anticancer Ru(III) complexes.…”

“…In some tumors, platinum therapy also shows strong side effects and the development of resistance. Nevertheless, there are various possibilities to develop new anticancer active drugs coming from the field of inorganic chemistry that should expand the spectrum of sensitive tumors that are better tolerated than classical antitumor agents. , In this regard, ruthenium-containing compounds are very promising and are therefore considered as next generation metal-based anticancer agents due to their significant antineoplastic and antimetastatic properties causing less side effects and drug resistance. − The Ru­(II) and Ru­(III) oxidation states are the most stable under physiological conditions with the latter being relatively inert and thus less or not at all active, which led to the not entirely undisputed “activation by reduction” theory as a possible explanation for the high selectivity of anticancer Ru­(III) complexes. , Complexes of both oxidation states, especially those forming octahedral species, have not only been shown to exhibit significant antiproliferative activity but also other medicinally important properties like their usage as antihypertensive, antiparasitic, and antibacterial agents. − The in vivo and in vitro properties of Ru complexes can be fine-tuned through variations in the selection of the ligands, e.g., aromatic heterocycles, pyridine, arene, nitrosyl, and many more . There are abundant reports about Ru complexes with remarkable antiproliferative properties, which enrich the field of drug development; however, the most prominent ones are the Ru­(III)-based anticancer drugs indazolium trans -[tetrachlorobis­(1 H -indazole)­ruthenate­(III)] ( 1 , KP1019), its sodium salt analogue sodium trans -[tetrachlorobis­(1 H -indazole)­ruthenate­(III)] ( 2 , NKP-1339) (Figure ), and the new antimetastasis inhibitor imidazolium trans -[tetrachlorobis­(1 H -imidazole)­( S -dimethyl sulfoxide)­ruthenate­(III)] (NAMI-A) (Figure S1), though the clinical development of the last one seems to have come to a halt .…”