Quantification of organic contaminants in urban stormwater by isotope dilution and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Hou, Fan Fan; Tian, Zhenyu; Peter, Katherine T.; Wu, Christopher L.; Gipe, Alex D.; Zhao, Haoqi; Alegria, Ernesto A.; Liu, Fengmao; Kolodziej, Edward P.

doi:10.1007/s00216-019-02177-3

Cited by 50 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…For example, the concentrations of both 6PPD-q and DPG increase by ~ 20% in samples from the October 22 event relative to the October 16 event and the levels of both compounds declined by ~ 30% in samples from the January 11th event relative to the October 22 event. The concentrations of DPG are within the range of 0.018–0.87 µg/L reported by Peter et al ( 2020 ) and close to the concentration of 0.54 µg/L detected by Hou et al ( 2019 ) in urban creeks during storm events. Notably, the concentrations of 6PPD-q in three of the five composite samples collected during the hydrological events exceeded the LC 50 value for coho salmon (Tian et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Several chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of tires and/or the transformation products of these compounds are transported in road runoff into surface waters (Unice et al 2015 ; Seiwert et al 2020 ). Untreated road runoff is a significant source of these contaminants in the aquatic environment (Hou et al 2019 ). We recently showed that a tire cross-linking agent, hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) is transported during rain events from high traffic highways into urban surface waters in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) of Canada (Johannessen et al 2021a ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Johannessen

Helm

Lashuk

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

151

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Prompted by a recent report that 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q), a by-product of a common tire manufacturing additive that is present in road runoff, is toxic to coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ), extracts of water samples collected from an urban river were re-analyzed to determine if this compound was present in stormwater-influenced flows. In addition, extracts were analyzed for 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), which is also used in tire manufacturing. Samples were originally collected in the fall of 2019 and winter of 2020 in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada from the Don River, a highly urbanized watershed in close proximity to several major multi-lane highways. These target compounds were analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometric detection with parallel reaction monitoring. Both 6PPD-q and DPG were detected above limits of quantification (i.e., 0.0098 µg/L) in all extracts. Maximum concentrations for 6PPD-quinone of 2.30 ± 0.05 µg/L observed in the river during storm events exceeded the LC 50 for this compound for coho salmon (i.e., > 0.8 µg/L). In composite samples collected at intervals throughout one rain event, both compounds reached peak concentrations a few hours after initiation of the event (i.e., 0.52 µg/L for DPG and 2.85 µg/L for 6PPD-q), but the concentrations of 6PPD-q remained elevated above 2 µg/L for over 10-h in the middle of the event. Estimates of cumulative loads of these compounds in composite samples indicated that kg amounts of these compounds entered the Don River during each hydrological event, and the loads were proportional to the amounts of precipitation. This study contributes to the growing literature indicating that potentially toxic tire-wear compounds are present at elevated levels and are transported via road runoff into urban surface waters during rain events. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00244-021-00878-4.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Johannessen

Helm

Lashuk

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

151

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“…However, the concentrations in the present study are significantly higher than those reported by Peter et al (2018) for creeks in the area of the city of Seattle in Washington State, USA in which 8 − 13 ng/L of HMMM were detected during baseflow conditions and 30 to ∼200 ng/L were detected during storm events in the fall of 2016 and 2017. The concentrations of HMMM detected in the Don River and Highland Creek are also elevated compared to concentrations of 0.5-130 ng/L reported by Hou et al (2019) from grab samples of surface water collected during a rain event in June 2018 from various creeks in the Puget Sound region of Washington State, USA. Finally, the HMMM concentrations in the present study also are higher than the concentrations of HMMM estimated from passive samplers deployed in surface waters in Australia (Rauert et al 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…Furthermore, HMMM readily leaches from tire material, confirming that HMMM is a chemical constituent of tire wear particles (Peter et al 2018). HMMM has been used as an indicator for the presence of leachates from tire wear particles in road runoff (Seitz and Winzenbacher 2017;Peter et al 2019;Warner et al 2019;Hou et al 2019;Tian et al 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Runoff of the Tire-Wear Compound, Hexamethoxymethyl-Melamine into Urban Watersheds

Johannessen

Helm

Metcalfe

2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Hexamethoxymethyl-melamine (HMMM) is used as a crosslinking agent in resins and plastics and in the manufacture of tires. In the present study, surface water samples were collected from two rivers adjacent to high traffic highways in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Composite samples collected from the Don River and Highland Creek during rain events and a period of rapid snowmelt were preconcentrated using solid phase extraction and analyzed using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Elevated concentrations (> 1 µg/L) of HMMM were detected in surface waters during rain events in October of 2019 and during snow melt in early March of 2020. There were lower average concentrations of HMMM detected during rain events in the winter and spring of 2020. Temporal profiles of changes in the concentrations of HMMM in composite samples collected every 3 h during a rain event in October 2019 closely corresponded to the hydrograph profiles at the sampling sites, with the HMMM concentrations peaking > 6 h after the peak in water levels. This work contributes to the literature showing that HMMM is a ubiquitous contaminant of urban watersheds and that runoff from roads is a vector for the transport of this compound into urban surface waters.

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“…These solutions are water, pH-adjusted water, or in a few cases methanol-water (5:95, v/v). The wash was followed by cartridges air-drying by vacuum or pressure to remove the remaining water, although in few cases, the cartridges can be dried with nitrogen instead of air [37,48,55,61,63].…”

Section: Spe Activation Washing and Elutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction

Sadutto

Picó

2020

Molecules

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are abundantly used by people, and some of them are excreted unaltered or as metabolites through urine, with the sewage being the most important source to their release to the environment. These compounds are in almost all types of water (wastewater, surface water, groundwater, etc.) at concentrations ranging from ng/L to µg/L. The isolation and concentration of the PPCPs from water achieves the appropriate sensitivity. This step is mostly based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) but also includes other approaches (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), buckypaper, SPE using multicartridges, etc.). In this review article, we aim to discuss the procedures employed to extract PPCPs from any type of water sample prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Furthermore, we put forward not only the merits of the different methods available but also a number of inconsistencies, divergences, weaknesses and disadvantages of the procedures found in literature, as well as the systems proposed to overcome them and to improve the methodology. Environmental applications of the developed techniques are also discussed. The pressing need for new analytical innovations, emerging trends and future prospects was also considered.

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Quantification of organic contaminants in urban stormwater by isotope dilution and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 50 publications

References 64 publications

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

The Tire Wear Compounds 6PPD-Quinone and 1,3-Diphenylguanidine in an Urban Watershed

Runoff of the Tire-Wear Compound, Hexamethoxymethyl-Melamine into Urban Watersheds

Sample Preparation to Determine Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in an All-Water Matrix: Solid Phase Extraction

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