Quantification of parasite abundance: A novel method to evaluate anti-Cryptocaryon irritans efficacy

Zhong, Zhihong; Jiang, Biao; Li, Zhicheng; Li, Shiyu; Li, An‐Xing

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735482

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Due to the parasitic site of trophonts (under the upper cortex) and strong resistance to adverse environmental conditions of tomonts, it is difficult to use drugs to kill trophonts and tomonts (Fuyan et al, 2017; Ma et al, 2016; Ma et al, 2017). The infection intensity and damage degree of fish was positively associated with the number of theronts (Zhong et al, 2020). Hence, it is crucial to inactivate theronts to control the C. irritans infection in the aquaculture system (Jiang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Zhong

Bai

et al. 2022

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Cryptocaryon irritans causes one of the most serious diseases in various wild and cultured marine fish, leading to mass mortality and economic loss. In this study, hydroxyl radical (•OH) solution produced by strong ionization discharge combined with water jet cavitation effect was injected into orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) aquaculture tanks for C. irritans control. The results showed that all C. irritans theronts were inactivated by •OH solution at concentrations of 0.5 mg/L within 2 min. •OH could induce alteration of shape, the absence of motility and macronucleus dispersion in theronts. A possible explanation was that the macronucleus of C. irritans might be damaged by •OH; as a result, its metabolism and life activities were disturbed. The •OH treatment increased the survival rate of E. coioides challenged with C. irritans from 64.7 ± 8.0% (mean ± SD) to 100% and reduced their infection intensity significantly. Stress response biomarkers such as malonaldehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels in the gills of E. coioides at different time points were analysed. The SOD activity in the •OH group first decreased and then recovered to the initial level at the end of the experiment. The other stress response biomarkers had no significant difference from that in the uninfected control group after •OH treatment. Additionally, the gill of E. coioides in the •OH group exhibited slight and reversible transformation compared with the uninfected control group. Compared with •OH treatment, chlorine dioxide and formalin treatment reduced the survival rate, induced oxidative damage and changed the histological gill structure in E. coioides. In conclusion, •OH could be applied effectively to control C. irritans infection without affecting the normal physiological condition of E. coioides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the methods of (Zhong et al, 2020), the shedding tomonts on the bottom were collected to quantify the infection intensity. To detect the infection intensity of E. coioides , six glass plates (∅ 120 mm) were placed on the bottom of the tank, and the number of tomonts on the plates was counted every day.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Zhong

Bai

et al. 2022

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…HSP90 play important roles in resisting stress and defending against cellular pathogen infection ( Ding et al, 2013;Wei et al, 2013). C. irritans is also called "white spot disease" in marine fish (Bai et al, 2020;Zhong et al, 2020). Under artificial breeding conditions, except for Chondrichthyes and Siganus that have certain resistance to C. irritans (Jiang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and expression analysis of heat shock protein 90β from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus, Linnaeus 1758) in responses to stock density stress and Cryptocaryon irritans infection

Guo

Yang

Liu

et al. 2021

Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh

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Heat shock protein 90 family, a class highly conserved protein and important molecular chaperone and its plays a role in enhancing animal adaptability to environmental stress and improving immunity. In this study, a full-length HSP90β cDNA (ToHSP90β) sequence was identified from Trachinotus ovatus. The cDNA of ToHSP90β was 2648 base-pairs (bp) long and contained a 5′-terminal untranslated region of 130 bp, a 3′-terminal untranslated region of 334 bp, and the open reading frame length 2184 bp, which can encode 728 amino acids. The ToHSP90β has a heat shock protein 90 family signature. The ToHSP90β amino acid sequence has high homology with other fish HSP90β amino acids (92.5-99.17%) and contains five conserved signal regions and a structural feature of the cytoplasmic HSP90 family. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that ToHSP90β was most closely related to Seriola dumerili HSP90β. Tissues expression analysis showed that the ToHSP90β was expressed in all nine tissues of T. ovatus, and its expression was the highest in the intestine. The stocking density significantly affected the expression of ToHSP90β in the kidney and brain tissues, and its expression levels increased significantly with increasing stocking densities, indicating that it plays an important regulatory role in the process of T. ovatus' chronic stress response. After Cryptocaryon irritans infection, the mRNA expression of ToHSP90β was significantly increased in liver and kidney tissues, indicating that ToHSP90β would be involved in the immune regulatory response. This study was the first to analyze the expression pattern of HSP90β mRNA in T. ovatus tissues and their expression responses to stocking density stress and C. irritans infection. To provide a theoretical basis for further study of the function of fish HSP90 and its physiological mechanism in environmental stress and parasite infection.

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“…There are four stages in its life cycle: trophozoite, cyst precursor, cyst and larva [1]. C. irritans can cause severely fatal "white spot disease" in tropical or subtropical marine fish [1,2]. In recent years, as the density of marine aquaculture has increased, "white spot disease" has frequently broken out in the marine aquaculture areas of the South China Sea, which seriously threatens marine aquaculture fishes, especially Trachinotus ovatus [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathology, Enzyme Activity and Immune Responses after Cryptocaryon irritans Infection of Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Guo

Zhu

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) has become an economically important fish in China in the past decade. However, Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate, causes considerable economic losses in the mariculture of T. ovatus. To characterize the pathogenesis of C. irritans in T. ovatus, the pathological properties, immune-related enzyme activity and expression of the NEMO gene was analysed. The results from the histological sections showed that there was considerable metamorphosis and hyperplasia in the parasitized sites (skin) with leukocyte aggregation and mucous cell increases after C. irritans infection. Moreover, the activities of four enzymes, that is, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme (LZM), were significantly increased in different tissues after C. irritans infection. Furthermore, the ORF of T. ovatus NF-kappa-B essential modulator (ToNEMO) measures 1650 bp, encoding 548 amino acids. The ToNEMO transcripts were universally expressed in all examined tissues, with higher levels being observed in the immune-relevant and central nervous tissues. The mRNA levels of ToNEMO after C. irritans infection were significantly increased in the gill, skin, liver, spleen and head kidney. These results suggested that ToNEMO might be involved in immune responses and helped to elucidate the physiological response after the C. irritans infection of fish.

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Quantification of parasite abundance: A novel method to evaluate anti-Cryptocaryon irritans efficacy

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Characterization and expression analysis of heat shock protein 90β from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus, Linnaeus 1758) in responses to stock density stress and Cryptocaryon irritans infection

Pathology, Enzyme Activity and Immune Responses after Cryptocaryon irritans Infection of Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

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Quantification of parasite abundance: A novel method to evaluate anti-Cryptocaryon irritans efficacy

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO2 or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO2 or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Characterization and expression analysis of heat shock protein 90β from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus, Linnaeus 1758) in responses to stock density stress and Cryptocaryon irritans infection

Pathology, Enzyme Activity and Immune Responses after Cryptocaryon irritans Infection of Golden Pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758)

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Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response

Treatments of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) against Cryptocaryon irritans with •OH, ClO₂ or HCHO: Survival, physiological and histological response