Quantification of pathogenic bacteria in the subgingival oral biofilm samples collected from cigarette-smokers, individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems and non-smokers with and without periodontitis

The impact of smoking different tobacco types on the subgingival microbiome and periodontal health: a pilot study

“…In our study, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was more abundant in medwakh than cigarettes smokers, and more abundant in cigarettes than shisha smokers and non-smokers. Recently, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been identified as one of the pathogens detected at a high quantity in subgingival samples of cigarette-smokers and users of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) using used culture-based methods 57 . The latter study, also reported P. gingivalis at significantly higher quantity among cigarette-smokers and ENDSusers than non-smokers with periodontitis, whereas, T. denticola was more prevalent in cigarette-smokers, ENDS-users and non-smokers with periodontitis compared with non-smokers without periodontitis.…”

Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

“…Many studies, reported in this review, agreed with this; in fact, Mokeem et al, BinShabaib et al, Ibraheem et al and Fangxi Xu et al described that CS had the worst CAL values compared to NS [ 50 , 54 , 58 , 65 ]. Aldakheel et al also came to the same conclusion, reporting higher CAL values in CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis compared to NS without periodontitis [ 57 ]. Nevertheless, Ibraheem et al found similar CAL values between CS and E-Cigs [ 58 ]; consistently, Vohra et al and Javed et al found no difference in CAL values between CS, E-Cigs and NS [ 55 , 56 ].…”

“…Mokeem et al also found higher, although not significantly different, PI values around natural teeth in CS than E-Cigs and in E-Cigs than in, otherwise ArRejaie et al did not find any differences in PI around dental implants between CS and E-Cigs [ 50 , 60 ]. Aldakeel et al instead found that CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis had a statistically significantly higher PI compared to NS, CS and E-Cigs without periodontitis [ 57 ]. However, nicotine appears to induce proliferation of suspected periodontal pathogens, as A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis , which were more frequently detected in CS and E-Cigs gingival biofilm compared to NS smokers with periodontitis plaque [ 57 ].…”

“…Aldakeel et al instead found that CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis had a statistically significantly higher PI compared to NS, CS and E-Cigs without periodontitis [ 57 ]. However, nicotine appears to induce proliferation of suspected periodontal pathogens, as A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis , which were more frequently detected in CS and E-Cigs gingival biofilm compared to NS smokers with periodontitis plaque [ 57 ]. Al-Aali et al, Sinha et al, BinShabaib et al and Karaaslan et al found no statistically significant differences in PI values between E-Cigs and NS [ 51 , 52 , 54 , 64 ].…”

“…Al Qahtani et al found significantly lower PD values in E-Cigs compared to CS and WS [ 53 ], supporting the hypothesis that cigarette smoke may be responsible for periodontal tissue destruction and cell death and may increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases involved in the inflammatory process [ 55 ]. Karaslaan et al [ 52 ], as well as AlDakheel et al [ 57 ], did not find significant differences in PD values among CS, E-Cigs and NS with and without periodontitis [ 57 ]. Although many authors found no differences in PD values among NS and E-Cigs [ 50 , 54 , 59 ], Alhamoudi et al [ 61 ], who similarly reported similar findings at baseline between NS and E-Cigs, described, following mechanical periodontal treatment, a significant PD reduction in NS but not in E-Cigs.…”