Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse – A case study

Muthukumaran, Shobha; Baskaran, Kanagaratnam; Sexton, Nicole

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.04.013

Cited by 86 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Rainwater (from roofs) and graywater (from laundry, dishwashing, and bathing) can be used in place of drinking water for a variety of activities. The reuse of graywater for toilet flushing and yard irrigation can cut household municipal water use by 50% or more (9). The energy cost, water savings, and reliability associated with rainwater harvesting depend on engineering considerations (e.g., contributing roof area and storage tank volume), local climate, connected end uses (e.g., toilet, laundry, and hot water), and temporal patterns (10).…”

Section: How Is Water Used and Wasted?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking the “Waste” Out of “Wastewater” for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability

Grant

Saphores

Feldman

et al. 2012

Science

557

335

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Humans create vast quantities of wastewater through inefficiencies and poor management of water systems. The wasting of water poses sustainability challenges, depletes energy reserves, and undermines human water security and ecosystem health. Here we review emerging approaches for reusing wastewater and minimizing its generation. These complementary options make the most of scarce freshwater resources, serve the varying water needs of both developed and developing countries, and confer a variety of environmental benefits. Their widespread adoption will require changing how freshwater is sourced, used, managed, and priced.

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Section: How Is Water Used and Wasted?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking the “Waste” Out of “Wastewater” for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability

Grant

Saphores

Feldman

et al. 2012

Science

557

335

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This optimization problem is solved using the COIN Branch and Cut (Cbc) solver 4 , in the Matlab interface OPTI toolbox 5 preferred for its high solving speed.…”

Section: Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Existing potable water supplies are fast reaching their limit whereas water demand is rapidly increasing [3]. Worse still, rapid urbanization is increasing the strain to the water and electricity utilities especially in developing nations [4,5], like South Africa, which is a water-scarce country [6]. In reality, the demand for both potable water and energy in South Africa far outweighs the supply [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

Wanjiru

Xia

2015

Applied Energy

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The management of energy and water is increasingly gaining attention among domestic end-users. In developing countries, potable water supply is unreliable leading to alternative strategies such as rooftop water harvesting (RWH), storage and pumping. Since urban garden irrigation is the highest outdoor water consumer, optimal scheduling is important to conserve energy and water over conventional lawn irrigation methods. A model to optimally control the lawn irrigation was developed with the simulation results showing 17.4% potential water savings when using water directly from municipal sources. With RWH of a 1-hr event with 1-mm rainfall from a 120-m 2 roof, the model can potentially save 23.4% of water and 73.8% in energy costs per day. Such savings are important in reducing the demand for existing water and energy sources as well as greenhouse emissions. Further, this paper looks into two strategies to maximize the pump's life through minimizing the maintenance cost.Keywords: buildings, energy, optimal scheduling, rooftop water harvesting, time-of-use tariff, water

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“…Billions of gallons of wastewater effluent are discharged to rivers and lakes every year around the world while the demand on potable water for residential, commercial and industrial applications continue to increase (Muthukumaran et al, 2011). Furthermore, the increasing population levels, expanding economies, rapid urbanization and the increase in living standards of most communities have greatly increased the demand for energy (Huang, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fresh Water Savings Through the Use of Municipal Effluents in Concrete Pavement

Chola¹,

Luster‐Teasley²,

Jha³

et al. 2015

American Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Wastewater reuse presents a promising solution to the growing pressure on the world's water resources. The use of municipal wastewater effluents for concrete production in the construction industry would result in energy and water savings leading to conservation and sustainability of our water resources. In this research, to promote and increase the reuse of wastewater in construction industry, both chemical and bacteria analyses were performed to ensure the recommended quality for concrete mixing water and the compressive strength of concrete specimens made with wastewater effluents was investigated and compared to specimens made with fresh water. Statistical analysis of the strength results showed that at 95% confidence interval, the compressive strengths of the control specimens and those of test specimens are not statistically different.

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Quantification of potable water savings by residential water conservation and reuse – A case study

Cited by 86 publications

References 7 publications

Taking the “Waste” Out of “Wastewater” for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability

Taking the “Waste” Out of “Wastewater” for Human Water Security and Ecosystem Sustainability

Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation

Fresh Water Savings Through the Use of Municipal Effluents in Concrete Pavement

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