Quantification of risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle herds: A systematic search and meta-analysis of observational studies

Roon, A.M. van; Mercat, Mathilde; Schaik, G. van; Nielen, M.; Graham, D. A.; More, Simon J.; Guelbenzu-Gonzalo, Maria; Fourichon, Christine; Madouasse, Aurélien; Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A.

doi:10.3168/jds.2020-18193

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…In this study, we showed that herds with a free or unsuspected status for the evaluated infections had lower mortality rates in calves and cows than herds with an unknown status. Infectious diseases are risk factors for mortality and culling as previously reported for BVD ( 81 , 82 ), salmonellosis ( 83 , 84 ), and paratuberculosis ( 85 – 88 ). Nevertheless, the effect estimates presented in this study are likely to be underestimated, given that some of the herds with an unknown status will also be free from infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands

et al. 2021

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Within the European Union, infectious cattle diseases are categorized in the Animal Health Law. No strict EU regulations exist for control, evidence of disease freedom, and surveillance of diseases listed other than categories A and B. Consequently, EU member states follow their own varying strategies for disease control. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the control and eradication programs (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases in the Netherlands between 2009 and 2019 and to highlight characteristics specific to the Dutch situation. In the Netherlands, CPs are in place for six endemic cattle diseases: bovine viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, leptospirosis, and neosporosis. These CPs have been tailored to the specific situation in the Netherlands: a country with a high cattle density, a high rate of animal movements, a strong dependence on export of dairy products, and a high-quality data-infrastructure. The latter specifically applies to the dairy sector, which is the leading cattle sector in the Netherlands. When a herd enters a CP, generally the within-herd prevalence of infection is estimated in an initial assessment. The outcome creates awareness of the infection status of a herd and also provides an indication of the costs and time to achieve the preferred herd status. Subsequently, the herd enrolls in the control phase of the CP to, if present, eliminate the infection from a herd and a surveillance phase to substantiate the free or low prevalence status over time. The high-quality data infrastructure that results in complete and centrally registered census data on cattle movements provides the opportunity to design CPs while minimizing administrative efforts for the farmer. In the CPs, mostly routinely collected samples are used for surveillance. Where possible, requests for proof of the herd status are sent automatically. Automated detection of risk factors for introduction of new animals originating from a herd without the preferred herd status i.e., free or unsuspected, is in place using centrally registered data. The presented overview may inspire countries that want to develop cost-effective CPs for endemic diseases that are not (yet) regulated at EU level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands

et al. 2021

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“…As testing is required for all new-born calves, this is a useful proxy for the size of breeding herds within NI. This association with herd size is well-recognised (19) and probably reflects an association with known infection risks such as animal movements, number of neighbour contacts and farm visitors. An earlier analysis of spatial and herd-level risk factors during the first year of the compulsory programme revealed BVD "hotspot" areas and showed that previous positive status, herd size and the number of positive neighbours within 4 km were positively associated with infection (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

The Northern Ireland Control Programmes for Infectious Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the EU

et al. 2021

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The disease control programmes for Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Johne's Disease (JD), Leptospirosis and Neosporosis are described including the approved diagnostic tools, diagnostic quality systems, and the role of vaccination (where appropriate). This paper describes the control programmes within NI, the challenges relating them, as well as assessing their impact and effectiveness, taking into consideration the quality of data available and number of herds participating. With the NI agricultural industry experiencing increasing financial pressures and post Brexit changes, the necessity of working to maximise the performance of bovine disease control programmes at the individual farm level as well as at the regional level is increasingly important. The programmes described fall into two categories with two distinct aims. Two managed by Animal Health & Welfare NI (AHWNI), the BVD eradication and JD Dairy Control programmes seek to eradicate or control infection at the regional level. A further 5 programmes, covering BVD, JD, IBR, Leptospirosis and Neosporosis, are managed by the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) and focus on facilitating eradication or control at the individual herd level. These latter programmes conform to the Cattle Health Certification Standards (UK) (CHeCS) which is a UK self-regulatory body set up to ensure consistency between different disease control schemes across herds. The largest of all the programmes described is the AHWNI BVD Eradication Programme which has led to significant reductions in infection incidence. Compliance with it has been high with more than 97% of all cattle alive at the end of 2020 having a BVD test status. The rolling annual incidence of BVD virus positive calves has fallen by 56% since the start of the compulsory programme in 2016. This decrease has occurred largely through industry initiatives to deal with BVD positives, including the voluntary culling of persistently infected (PI) animals by herd owners, a voluntary abattoir ban on the slaughter of BVD virus (BVDv) positive animals, and the inclusion of retention of a BVDv positive animal as a non-conformance in the industry-run Farm Quality Assurance Scheme.

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“…Given the amount of data available, future models developed to compare outputs of various CPs could focus on the usage of nearly any data describing cattle demographics and cattle purchase data for risk of introduction of disease (16). However, although the introduction of cattle into a herd has been reported as an important risk factor for JD, IBR, and BVD in several studies (33)(34)(35), other risk factors, such as participation in shows, grazing, and calving pen systems, are also described as important for estimating freedom from infection (33). Our results show that very few countries in Europe have access to these data on a national or regional level.…”

Section: The Availability Of Data For Probability Of Freedom From Disease Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection

et al. 2021

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Some European countries have successfully implemented country-specific control programs (CPs) for infectious cattle diseases that are not regulated or are regulated only to a limited extent at the European Union (EU) level. Examples of such diseases include bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and Johne's disease (JD). The CPs vary between countries in the design and quality of collected data as well as methods used to detect infection and estimate prevalence or probability of freedom from infection. Differences in disease status between countries and non-standardized approaches to assess freedom from infection pose a risk for countries with CPs for non-regulated diseases as infected animals may influence the progress of the disease control or eradication program. The implementation of output-based standards allows estimation and comparison of the probability of freedom for non-regulated cattle diseases in European countries. The aim of the current study was to assess the existence and quality of data that could be used for estimating freedom from infection in European countries. The online data collection tool was sent to 32 countries participating in the SOUND control COST Action and was completed by 24 countries. Data on cattle demographics and data from CPs of IBR and BVD exist in more than 50% of the response countries. However, data describing risk factors and CP of JD was reported as existing in <25% of the countries. The overall quality of data in the sections on demographics and CPs of IBR and BVD were evaluated as “good”, but risk factors and JD data were mostly evaluated as “fair.” Data quality was considered less good mainly due to two quality criteria: accessibility and accuracy. The results of this study show that the quantity and quality of data about cattle populations and CPs are relatively similar in many surveyed countries. The outcome of this work provides an overview of the current situation in the European countries regarding data on EU non-regulated cattle diseases and will further assist in the development and implementation of output-based standards.

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Quantification of risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle herds: A systematic search and meta-analysis of observational studies

Cited by 24 publications

References 85 publications

Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands

Control and Eradication Programs for Six Cattle Diseases in the Netherlands

The Northern Ireland Control Programmes for Infectious Cattle Diseases Not Regulated by the EU

Existence and Quality of Data on Control Programs for EU Non-regulated Cattle Diseases: Consequences for Estimation and Comparison of the Probability of Freedom From Infection

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