Quantification of Rock Mass Condition Based on Fracture Frequency Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Survey for Slope Stability Assessment

Assessment of Flood-Induced Geomorphic Changes in Sidere Creek of the Mountainous Basin Using Small UAV-Based Imagery

“…The 4.82 m active channel width difference at the 23rd transect could be attributed to the vegetation cover blocking the laser signals. Junaid et al [34] had similar issues while surveying the rock stability with the UAV. They reported that the vegetation on the rock surface decreases the UAV survey efficiency.…”

“…They discovered that widening was connected to "lateral centerline movement" and "temporal change in at-a-station" hydraulic geometry for "water surface width", indicating that it is linked to cross-sectional change rather than just upward movement of the vegetation line. With a recent improvement in innovative technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became popular application tools for remote monitoring, assessing, and mapping the environment in much more detail [18,33,34]. As tools to assess and manage soil and water resources, the utilization of UAVs has found its place in many different fields of environmental study, such as floods, landslides, stream morphology and restoration, stream thermal condition, intertidal mudflat mapping, bed load transport, sand and gravel mining, and earthwork projects [13,22,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40].…”

“…With a recent improvement in innovative technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became popular application tools for remote monitoring, assessing, and mapping the environment in much more detail [18,33,34]. As tools to assess and manage soil and water resources, the utilization of UAVs has found its place in many different fields of environmental study, such as floods, landslides, stream morphology and restoration, stream thermal condition, intertidal mudflat mapping, bed load transport, sand and gravel mining, and earthwork projects [13,22,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. Some traditional streambank erosion evaluation techniques reported by researchers are the mixture of channel chains, the Rivermorph program, erosion pins, the BANCS procedures developed by Rosgen [41], sedimentological evidence, botanical evidence, historical sources, planimetric resurveys, repeated cross-section profiling, and "terrestrial photogrammetry" [42][43][44].…”

“…The structure-frommotion (SfM) techniques from the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, on the other hand, offer the same level of accuracy that the LiDAR provides at a lower cost and can be used more frequently, at any time of day, and in any season, with a little investment [43][44][45]. UAVs offer the advantage of providing accurate monitoring with high spatial and multitemporal resolutions for evaluating the pace of the streambank bed erosion/deposition, future prediction of positional shifting [18,37,[43][44][45], mapping hard-to-reach locations with high survey frequency [34,36], and producing detailed geomorphic and habitat maps at substantially low costs and time [33,36,38]. The main limitations of using UAVs are extreme weather conditions due to safety reasons and battery limitations on the flight time [46].…”

“…The main limitations of using UAVs are extreme weather conditions due to safety reasons and battery limitations on the flight time [46]. Due to the capacity for producing very high-resolution 3D models, as demonstrated by Junaid et al [34] for rock stability studies and Yavuz et al [18] for streamside landslides, the survey capacity of small UAVs on lateral and vertical morphological changes on a stream reach scale has not yet been fully examined.…”