“…The initial phase of testing should focus on the detailed characterization of nanoparticles. This includes determining particle size, surface charge, and morphology, critical for understanding the basic properties that affect behavior in biological systems [ 24 , 25 , 27 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 111 , 115 , 116 , 119 , 122 , 123 , 125 , 129 ]. Advanced microscopy and spectroscopy techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) should also be employed to provide deeper insights into the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles [ 8 , 20 , 25 , 28 , 44 , 109 ].…”