Quantification of the Animal Tuberculosis Multi-Host Community Offers Insights for Control

Santos, Nuno; Richomme, Céline; Nunes, Telmo; Vicente, Joaquı́n; Alves, Paulo C.; Fuente, José de la; Correia-Neves, Margarida; Boschiroli, Maria‐Laura; Delahay, Richard J.; Gortázar, Christian

doi:10.3390/pathogens9060421

Cited by 35 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The high forest coverage, mountainous terrain, low livestock, low abundance of badgers and the coexistence of wild ungulate and predatory species in the region may also affect the circulation of MTBC in the studied environment [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland

et al. 2020

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Background The majority of animal tuberculosis (TB) cases reported in wildlife in Poland over the past 20 years have concerned the European bison inhabiting the Bieszczady Mountains in Southeast Poland: an area running along the border of Southeast Poland. As no TB cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of TB in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. The aim of the study was to describe the occurrence of tuberculosis in the wildlife of the Bieszczady Mountains and determine the microbiological and molecular characteristics of any cultured strains. Lymph node samples were collected for analysis from 274 free-living animals, including European bison, red foxes, badgers, red deer, wild boar and roe deer between 2011 and 2017. Löwenstein–Jensen and Stonebrink media were used for culture. Molecular identification of strains was performed based on hsp65 sequence analysis, the GenoType®MTBC (Hain Lifescience, Germany) test, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR analysis. Results Mycobacterium caprae was isolated from the lymph nodes of 21 out of 55 wild boar (38.2%; CI 95%: 26.5%, 51.4%) and one roe deer. Since 2014, no new TB cases have been reported in the Bieszczady European bison population. Conclusions The identification of TB in wild boar in the Bieszczady is an alarming phenomenon, which requires further investigation. The Bieszczady mountains are a precious, unique area, home to many protected species. However, it is also the only area in Poland where TB cases have been reported in free-living animals. The occurrence of TB in wild boar inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and many of the protected species (for example European bison that can share feeding places with wild boar). Given this situation, ongoing monitoring of the prevalence of TB should be conducted, and protective measures should be considered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland

et al. 2020

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“…Animal tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease regarded in Europe not just as a livestock-problem only but as a concern for multi-host communities that include cattle and also wildlife species such as wild boars ( Sus scrofa ), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), and badgers ( Meles meles ) [ 1 ]. It is recognized that the means to eradicate this disease is by controlling the domestic and wildlife reservoir(s), defined as epidemiologically connected populations in which the pathogen can be maintained and from which infection is transmitted to the target population [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

Richomme

Réveillaud²,

Moyen³

et al. 2020

Microorganisms

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In France, animal tuberculosis (TB) due to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) affects a multi-host community that include cattle and wildlife species such as wild boars (Sus scrofa), badgers (Meles meles), or wild deer (Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus). The involvement of foxes in the epidemiology of TB is fairly described in countries facing multispecies concerns. After the discovery of grouped cases of TB in foxes in a French TB endemic region, a study was implemented in the core of four TB endemic areas in Dordogne, Charente, Landes (departments of Nouvelle-Aquitaine region), and Côte-d’Or (Burgundy-Franche-Comté region). No infected fox was found in Côte-d’Or (n = 146), where in parallel TB in cattle and other wild species became sparse in the last years. In contrast, in Dordogne, Charente, and Landes, 13 (n = 184), 9 (n = 98) and 7 (n = 140) foxes were found infected by M. bovis, respectively, corresponding to 7.1% (CI95% 3.8–11.8%), 9.2% (4.3–16.7%) and 5.0% (CI95% 2.0–10.0%) prevalence rates, respectively. These infection rates are comparable with those observed in badgers and wild boar in these same three areas (ranging from 9 to 13.2% and 4.3 to 17.9%, respectively), where the number of cattle outbreaks has increased in the last 10-15 years. In each area, the genotypes of foxes’ M. bovis isolates were the same as those in local cattle and other wildlife species. None of the infected foxes presented TB-like gross lesions. M. bovis was found in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 28 foxes (68%). For the 12 foxes where retropharyngeal and respiratory lymph nodes were analyzed separately, M. bovis was present in the respiratory lymph nodes of eight individuals. With regard to excretion, appropriate samples were available for 12 infected foxes from Dordogne. M. bovis DNA was detected in the feces of five of these animals, four of which were infected in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Combined with the knowledge on the biology and ecology of foxes, the results of this study suggest that in areas where infection in cattle is still active in France, foxes might play a role of spillover host in the epidemiology of M. bovis.

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“…Several wildlife species act as maintenance host, spill over host or host with unknown reservoir status depending on the region. In Europe, Eurasian wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) (Iberian Peninsula), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) (Iberian Peninsula, Western Austria) , fallow deer ( Dama dama ) (Iberian Peninsula) and European badger ( Meles meles ) (British Isles and Atlantic Spain) are regarded as main wildlife MTC reservoir hosts [ 2 – 5 ]. In Africa, wildlife reservoir hosts include common warthog ( Phacochoerus africanus ) (South Africa), African buffalo ( Syncerus caffer ) (South Africa), lechwe antelope ( Kobus leche ) (South Africa) and Eurasian wild boar (North Africa) [ 6 – 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

Thomas

Balseiro

Gortázar

et al. 2021

Vet Res

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Animal tuberculosis (TB) is a multi-host disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). Due to its impact on economy, sanitary standards of milk and meat industry, public health and conservation, TB control is an actively ongoing research subject. Several wildlife species are involved in the maintenance and transmission of TB, so that new approaches to wildlife TB diagnosis have gained relevance in recent years. Diagnosis is a paramount step for screening, epidemiological investigation, as well as for ensuring the success of control strategies such as vaccination trials. This is the first review that systematically addresses data available for the diagnosis of TB in wildlife following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The article also gives an overview of the factors related to host, environment, sampling, and diagnostic techniques which can affect test performance. After three screenings, 124 articles were considered for systematic review. Literature indicates that post-mortem examination and culture are useful methods for disease surveillance, but immunological diagnostic tests based on cellular and humoral immune response detection are gaining importance in wildlife TB diagnosis. Among them, serological tests are especially useful in wildlife because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to perform, facilitate large-scale surveillance and can be used both ante- and post-mortem. Currently available studies assessed test performance mostly in cervids, European badgers, wild suids and wild bovids. Research to improve diagnostic tests for wildlife TB diagnosis is still needed in order to reach accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic techniques adequate to a broad range of target species and consistent over space and time to allow proper disease monitoring.

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Quantification of the Animal Tuberculosis Multi-Host Community Offers Insights for Control

Cited by 35 publications

References 44 publications

Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland

Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland

Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes in Four Animal Tuberculosis Endemic Areas in France

Diagnosis of tuberculosis in wildlife: a systematic review

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