Quantification of the normal Frank and McFee-Parungao orthogonal electrocardiogram at ages two to ten years.

Abstract

A quantification of the Frank and McFee-Parungao orthogonal electrocardiogram of 175 normal children, ages 2-10 years is presented. There are significant differences in age groups 2-5 and 6-10. The QRS voltages of the younger group demonstrate 1) greater Z anterior, 2) greater initial X right, 3) greater terminal X right, 4) smaller Y inferior, and 5) the T vector is oriented more posteriorly. There are significant differences between the two lead systems. 1) Frank spatial voltages are 70% of those of McFee. 2) Frank X left is 70% of McFee, but terminal X right is 75% and initial X right is 60% of McFee. 3) Frank Y inferior is 78% of McFee, but initial Y superior is 83% and terminal Y superior 61% of McFee. 4) Frank Z anterior is 64% and Frank Z posterior is 70% of McFee. 5) In terms of ratios the Frank is relatively less inferior, about equally posterior and more terminally right. 6) The T vector is more posterior in Frank than McFee.

Measures of agreement for vectorcardiography data

“…Methods for comparison of the Frank and McFee systems for vectorcardiography have been studied previously. Kan et al [11] approached this problem by considering several scalar quantities describing various features associated with a QRS loop. The authors were primarily interested in understanding the level of agreement or disagreement in a qualitative sense.…”

“…A p × p matrix consists of p 2 elements and may be represented as a point in R p 2 , the p 2 -dimensional Euclidean space. We denote this mapping by E. Thus, for a given p × p matrix A = (a i j ), 11 , a 12 , . .…”

Methodology of ECG Interpretation in the Louvain Program

“…Thirdly, the orthogonality of the Frank lead system was capable of reducing the dispersion of normal values and consequently of allowing a better separation between normal and abnormal cases. When we started this project, the only published tables of normal values, age and sexstratified, were those of Pipberger for adults and of Liebman for children [3][4][5][6], both based on the Frank leads. The fourth reason to select a corrected orthogonal lead system is probably the most important one, and scientifically the most relevant.…”