Quantification of the refrigerants R22 and R134a in mixtures by means of different polymers and reflectometric interference spectroscopy

Dieterle, Frank; Belge, Georg; Betsch, C.; Gauglitz, Güenter

doi:10.1007/s00216-002-1557-7

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

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Strategies for Label-Free Optical Detection

Gauglitz

Proll

Biosensing for the 21st Century

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A large number of methods using direct detection with label-free systems are known. They compete with the well-introduced fluorescence-based methods. However, recent applications take advantage of label-free detection in protein-protein interactions, high-throughput screening, and high-content screening. These new applications require new strategies for biosensors. It becomes more and more obvious that neither the transduction principle nor the recognition elements for the biomolecular interaction process alone determine the quality of the biosensor. Accordingly, the biosensor system has to be considered as a whole. This chapter focuses on strategies to optimize the detection platform and the biomolecular recognition layer. It concentrates on direct detection methods, with special focus on optical transduction. Since even this restriction still leaves a large number of methods, only microrefractometric and microreflectometric methods using planar transducers have been selected for a detailed description and a listing of applications. However, since many review articles on the physical principles exist, the description is kept short. Other methods are just mentioned in brief and for comparison. The outlook and the applications demonstrate the future perspectives of direct optical detection in bioanalytics.

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Strategies for Label-Free Optical Detection

Gauglitz

Proll

Biosensing for the 21st Century

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Interaction Behaviour of the Ultramicroporous Polymer Makrolon ® by Spectroscopic Methods

Busche

Kasper

Mutschler

et al.

Characterization of Polymer Surfaces and Thin Films

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Direct optical sensors: principles and selected applications

2004

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In the field of bio and chemosensors a large number of detection principles has been published within the last decade. These detection principles are based either on the observation of fluorescence-labelled systems or on direct optical detection in the heterogeneous phase. Direct optical detection can be measured by remission (absorption of reflected radiation, opt(r)odes), by measuring micro-refractivity, or measuring interference. In the last case either Mach-Zehnder interferometers or measurement of changes in the physical thickness of the layer (measuring micro-reflectivity) caused, e.g., by swelling effects in polymers (due to interaction with analytes) or in bioassays (due to affinity reactions) also play an important role. Here, an overview of methods of microrefractometric and microreflectometric principles is given and benefits and drawbacks of the various approaches are demonstrated using samples from the chemo and biosensor field. The quality of sensors does not just depend on transduction principles but on the total sensor system defined by this transduction, the sensitive layer, data acquisition electronics, and evaluation software. The intention of this article is, therefore, to demonstrate the essentials of the interaction of these parts within the system, and the focus is on optical sensing using planar transducers, because fibre optical sensors have been reviewed in this journal only recently. Lack of selectivity of chemosensors can be compensated either by the use of sensor arrays or by evaluating time-resolved measurements of analyte/sensitive layer interaction. In both cases chemometrics enables the quantification of analyte mixtures. These data-processing methods have also been successfully applied to antibody/antigen interactions even using cross-reactive antibodies. Because miniaturisation and parallelisation are essential approaches in recent years, some aspects and current trends, especially for bio-applications, will be discussed. Miniaturisation is especially well covered in the literature.

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Quantification of the refrigerants R22 and R134a in mixtures by means of different polymers and reflectometric interference spectroscopy

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Strategies for Label-Free Optical Detection

Strategies for Label-Free Optical Detection

Interaction Behaviour of the Ultramicroporous Polymer Makrolon ® by Spectroscopic Methods

Direct optical sensors: principles and selected applications

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