“…Detection of dipentene is an important evidence that there is NR in the sample. The NR should come from bus TWPs because the tread rubber compounds of bus tires are mainly made of NR and the PM samples were collected at the bus stop [ 14 , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The TWP content was determined using the reference tire tread compound formulation described at the bottom of Table 3 . The reference NR compound formulation was determined based on the literature data [ [54] , [55] , [56] ]. In general, about 60 phr of carbon black is used for bus tire tread compounds.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Kinds of polymeric components in the PM 2.5 samples were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Py-GC/MS has been widely used for analysis of polymeric materials including microplastics and rubber components in PMs [ [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ]. Identification of polymeric materials using Py-GC/MS is performed by analysis of the principal pyrolysis produts.…”
“…Detection of dipentene is an important evidence that there is NR in the sample. The NR should come from bus TWPs because the tread rubber compounds of bus tires are mainly made of NR and the PM samples were collected at the bus stop [ 14 , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The TWP content was determined using the reference tire tread compound formulation described at the bottom of Table 3 . The reference NR compound formulation was determined based on the literature data [ [54] , [55] , [56] ]. In general, about 60 phr of carbon black is used for bus tire tread compounds.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Kinds of polymeric components in the PM 2.5 samples were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Py-GC/MS has been widely used for analysis of polymeric materials including microplastics and rubber components in PMs [ [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] ]. Identification of polymeric materials using Py-GC/MS is performed by analysis of the principal pyrolysis produts.…”
“…The major pyrolysis products were isoprene and dipentene which are the key pyrolysis products of natural rubber (NR) [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Since bus tire treads are mainly made of NR [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], the TRWPs should come from abrasion of bus tire treads. Styrene was one of main pyrolysis products of the TRWPs and this could originate from abrasion of tire tread made of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) or APWPs attatched to the TRWPs.…”
Tire treads are abraded by friction with the road surface, producing tire tread wear particles (TWPs). TWPs combined with other particles on the road such as road wear particles (RWPs) and mineral particles (MPs), forming tire-road wear particles (TRWPs). Dust on an asphalt pavement road is composed of various components such as TRWPs, asphalt pavement wear particles (APWPs), MPs, plant-related particles (PRPs), and so on. TRWPs have been considered as one of major contaminants produced by driving and their properties are important for study on real abrasion behaviors of tire treads during driving as well as environmental contamination. Densities of the TRWPs are totally dependent on the amount of the other components deposited in the TWPs. In this study, a classification method of TRWPs in the road dust was developed using density separation and the classified TRWPs were characterized using image analysis and pyrolytic technique. Chloroform was used to remove APWPs from mixture of TRWPs and APWPs. TRWPs were found in the density range of 1.20–1.70 g/cm3. By decreasing the particle size of the road dust, the TRWP content in the road dust increased and its density slightly tended to increase. Aspect ratios of the TRWPs varied and there were many TRWPs with low aspect ratio below 2.0. The aspect ratio range was 1.2–5.2. Rubber compositions of the TRWPs were found to be mainly NR/SBR biblend or NR/BR/SBR triblend.
“…NR should originate from tire tread wear particles. In general, bus tire treads are mainly made of NR [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Hence, the source of the NR should be bus tire tread wear.…”
Particulate matters (PMs) such as PM10 and PM2.5 were collected at a bus stop and were analyzed using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify organic polymeric materials in them. The major pyrolysis products of the PM samples were isoprene, toluene, styrene, dipentene, and 1-alkenes. The pyrolysis products generated from the PM samples were identified using reference polymeric samples such as common rubbers (natural rubber, butadiene rubber, and styrene-butadiene rubber), common plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate)), plant-related components (bark, wood, and leaf), and bitumen. The major sources of the principal polymeric materials in the PM samples were found to be the abrasion of the tire tread and asphalt pavement, plant-related components, and lint from polyester fabric. The particles produced by the abrasion of the tire tread and asphalt pavement on the road were non-exhaustive sources, while the plant-related components and lint from polyester fabric were inflowed from the outside.
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