Quantification of toxaphene residues in fish and fish products using a new analytical standard

Chlorobornanes in Sediments and Fish 30 Years after Toxaphene Treatment of Lakes

“…We based our quantification on a single response factor by GC-ECD and ECNIMS in order to be compatible with most of the published literature on toxaphene. Where the technical toxaphene pattern is absent as in all other samples, a method such as a representative chlorobornane mixture as formulated by Lach and Parlar (34), or using individual response factors or standards (27), may be more appropriate. The use of individually prepared standards is limited by the difficulty of processing them and thus, is limited by their lack of availability at present.…”

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to camphechlor as undesirable substance in animal feed

“…This so-called global distillation mechanism (grass hopper effect) is postulated as the main mechanism; while transport by marine currents is also of importance as the camphechlor constituents are relatively water-soluble (Wania and Mackay, 1993b;Wania and Mackay, 1995). Analysis of a limited number of fish samples from the Northern Pacific ocean indicates an approximately ten fold lower contamination level compared with species from the Atlantic ocean (Lach and Parlar, 1990;Rice, 1993;Alder et al, 1995, Alder andKarl, 1996).…”

Environmental Occurrence, Analysis, and Toxicology of Toxaphene Compounds

“…In 1989 there were 168 registered uses of toxaphene in the United States (40) and more than 277 worldwide to control 65,534 167 major insect pests encountered in the production of agricultural commodities and crops. Its use in livestock dips as a miticide and in lakes as a piscicide to control rough fish populations has been widely reported (1).…”

“…Several reports on levels of toxaphene in fish and fish products from Europe show the ubiquitous presence of toxaphene in all 132 types of fish (89,167,168 both fresh water and marine biota all over the world. Also, at remote areas long distances from toxaphene sources, the levels in biota can be quite high.…”