Quantification of Triclosan, Chlorinated Triclosan Derivatives, and their Dioxin Photoproducts in Lacustrine Sediment Cores

Abstract

When discharged into surface waters via wastewater effluents, triclosan, the antimicrobial agent in handsoaps, and chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs, formed during disinfection with chlorine) react photochemically to form polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. To evaluate the historical exposure of waters to these compounds, the levels of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins were determined in sediment cores collected from wastewater-impacted Minnesota lakes. The accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, CTDs, and dioxins in aquatic sediments were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale. Cores collected from large-scale riverine systems with many wastewater sources recorded increasing concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their derived dioxins since the patent of triclosan in 1964. In small-scale lakes with a single wastewater source, the trends were directly attributed to increased triclosan use, local improvements in treatment, and changes in wastewater disinfection since the 1960s. In the lake with no wastewater input, no triclosan or CTDs were detected. Overall, concentrations of triclosan, CTDs, and their dioxins were higher in small-scale systems, reflecting a greater degree of wastewater impact. In cores collected in northern MN, the four dioxins derived from triclosan are present prior to the patent of triclosan, suggesting a secondary source. It is clear, however, that triclosan and CTDs are the dominant source of these congeners after 1965 in systems impacted by wastewater.

Persistence, temporal and spatial profiles of ultraviolet absorbents and phenolic personal care products in riverine and estuarine sediment of the Pearl River catchment, China

“…TCC and TCS have been produced and consumed in large amounts worldwide since they were introduced into commerce in late 1950s and mid1960s, respectively [10]. In lakes of Minnesota that were impacted by wastewater, accumulation rates and temporal trends of triclosan, its chlorinated derivatives and their dioxin photoproducts were found to be a function of historical wastewater treatment operations and lake system scale [43]. Singer et al (2002) found the concentration of TCS in the dated sediment cores from Lake Greifensee, Switzerland agreeing with its use [26].…”

Percutaneous external fixator pins with bactericidal micron-thin sol–gel films for the prevention of pin tract infection

“…Although resistance levels amongst S. aureus to triclosan appear to be isolated [48], concern over possible bacterial resistance has been expressed based on findings of elevated concentrations of triclosan in surface waters, itself the result of extensive use in household and consumer products [49]. In order to avoid resistance development, abandoning the usage of triclosan in non-critical household or consumer products is desirable [50].…”

“…The experiments were conducted at 37 C for a duration up to 8 weeks, with gentle shaking and solution exchange at days 1, 3,7,14,17,21,28,35,42,49 and 56. The elution medium was maintained at sink conditions (the solution volume significantly exceeded a 10-fold of the volume of maximal solubility of the drug) throughout the entire period of the experiment.…”

Emerging investigators series: pyrolysis removes common microconstituents triclocarban, triclosan, and nonylphenol from biosolids

“…The ASE cell was cleaned using a robust procedure modified from Anger et al, (2013) to minimize background concentrations and cross-contamination between extractions with minor modifications. 40 Briefly, ASE end caps and ASE cells were triple rinsed with DI water and methanol, sonicated in acetone for 10 minutes, and triple rinsed again with methanol.…”