Quantifying Depth of Burial and Composition of Shallow Buried Archaeological Material: Integrated Sub-bottom Profiling and 3D Survey Approaches

Winton, Trevor

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03635-5_10

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…To determine the subsurface geometry of the study area, we conducted a detailed, high-resolution seismic reflection survey with an Innomar SES-2000 Light parametric SBP, chosen due to its capabilities in shallow-water surveys [71]. Sediment penetration up to 50 m can be achieved [72].…”

Section: High-resolution Acoustic Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Geomorphology and Sediment Dynamics of Prokljan Lake and Krka River Estuary, Croatia

et al. 2023

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The upper part of the Krka River estuary and Prokljan Lake are a specific example of a well-stratified estuarine environment in a submerged river canyon. Here, we reconstructed the geomorphological evolution of the area and classified the data gathered in the study, integrating multibeam echosounder data, backscatter echosounder data, side-scan sonar morpho-bathymetric surveys, and acoustic sub-bottom profiling, with the addition of ground-truthing and sediment analyses. This led to the successful classification of the bottom sediments using the object-based image analysis method. Additional inputs to the multibeam echosounder data improved the segmentation of the seafloor classification, geology, and morphology of the surveyed area. This study uncovered and precisely defined distinct geomorphological features, specifically submerged tufa barriers and carbonate mounds active during the Holocene warm periods, analogous to recent tufa barriers that still exist and grow in the upstream part of the Krka River. Fine-grained sediments, classified as estuarine sediments, hold more organic carbon than coarse-grained sediments sampled on barriers. A good correlation of organic carbon with silt sediments allowed the construction of a prediction map for marine sedimentary carbon in this estuarine/lake environment using multibeam echosounder data. Our findings highlight the importance of additional inputs to multibeam echosounder data to achieve the most accurate results.

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Section: High-resolution Acoustic Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Geomorphology and Sediment Dynamics of Prokljan Lake and Krka River Estuary, Croatia

et al. 2023

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“…In order to detect possible (sub)recent faults or other evidence of tectonic activity in the marine environment, we conducted a high-resolution seismic reflection survey using an Innomar SES-2000 light. We chose the SES-2000 light as the most suitable, as it is a parametric subbottom profiler (SBP) designed for application at water depths down to 400 m, with sediment penetration up to 50 m (Wunderlich and Müller, 2003;Winton, 2020) and Figure 4) show tightly folded early-orogenic coastal-andisland thin-skinned belt on the SW and the SW limb of the huge Gorski Kotar anticline on the NE. Major tectonic contact of the two zones, supposed earlyorogenic detachment (cf.…”

Section: High-resolution Shallow Seismic Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Tectonics in the Kvarner Region (External Dinarides, Croatia)—An Alternative Approach Based on Focused Geological Mapping, 3D Seismological, and Shallow Seismic Imaging Data

et al. 2020

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Active tectonics in long-lived orogenic belts usually manifests on the preexisting inherited structures. In the Kvarner region of the External Dinarides, an area with low-to-moderate seismicity related to the Adriatic microplate (Adria) northward movement, we deal with faults in predominantly carbonate rocks within tectonically complex NW-SE striking fold-and-thrust belt, which makes the identification and parametrization of the active structures challenging. Moreover, anthropogenic modifications greatly complicate access to the surface geological and geomorphological data. This paper demonstrates results of focused multidisciplinary research, from surface geological mapping and offshore shallow seismic surveys to earthquake focal mechanisms, as an active fault identification and parametrization kit, with a final goal to produce an across-methodological integrated model of the identified features in the future. Reverse, normal, and strike-slip orogen-parallel (longitudinal) to transverse faults were identified during geological mapping, but there is no clear evidence of their mutual relations and possible recent activity. The focal mechanisms calculated from the instrumental record include weak-to-moderate earthquakes and show solutions for all faulting types in the upper crust, compatible with the NE-SW oriented principal stress direction, with the stronger events favoring reverse and strike-slip faulting. The 3D spatial and temporal distribution of recent earthquake hypocenters indicate their clustering along predominantly subvertical transversal and steeply NE-dipping longitudinal planes. High-resolution shallow seismic geoacoustical survey (subbottom profiler) of the Quaternary sediments in the Rijeka Bay revealed local tectonic deformations of the stratified Late Pleistocene deposits that, along with overlaying mass-transport deposits, could imply prehistorical strong earthquake effects. Neotectonic faults onshore are tentatively recognized as highly fractured zones characterized by enhanced weathering, but there is no evidence for its recent activity. Thus, it seems that the active faults are blind and situated below the thin-skinned and highly deformed early-orogenic tectonic cover of the Adria. A strain accumulating deeper in the crust is probably irregularly redistributed near the surface along the preexisting fault network formed during the earlier phases of the Dinaric orogenesis. The results indicate a need for further multidisciplinary research that will contribute to a better seismic hazard assessment in the densely populated region that is also covered by strategic infrastructure.

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“…Additionally, archaeogeophysical investigations in underwater conditions today represent one of the most interesting challenges for the geophysical applications [9]. In this fascinating field, the geophysical methods have been fast developing in the last two decades and, regarding the sub-water archaeological surveys, the use of acoustic (sound or sonar) systems in well-established [10]. These include echosounders, multi-beam swath systems, side-scan sonars, sub-bottom profilers, and bottom classification systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ERT and GPR Prospecting Applied to Unsaturated and Subwater Analogue Archaeological Site in a Full Scale Laboratory

et al. 2022

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Geophysical techniques are widely applied in the archaeological field to highlight variations of the physical behaviour of the subsoil due to the presence of ancient and buried remains., Considerable efforts are required to understand the complexity of the relationship between archaeological features and their geophysical response where saturated conditions occur. In the case of lacustrine and wetland scenarios, geophysical contrasts or electromagnetic signal attenuation effects drastically reduce the capabilities of the geophysical methodologies for the detection of structures in such conditions. To identify the capability of the electrical and electromagnetic methods in different water-saturated scenarios, an experimental activity was performed at the Hydrogeosite CNR laboratory. The test allowed us to analyze the limits and potentialities of an innovative approach based on the combined use of the ground-penetrating radar and 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomographies. Results showed the effectiveness of the ground-penetrating radar for detecting archaeological remains also in quasi-saturated and underwater scenarios despite the em signal attenuation phenomena; whilst the results obtained involving the resistivity tomographies offered a new perspective for the archaeological purposes due to the use of the loop–loop shaped array. Moreover, the radar signal attenuation, resolution and depth of investigation do not allow to fully characterize the archaeological site as in the case of the scenarios with a limited geophysical contrast (i.e., water-saturated and arid scenarios). The experimental tests show that these limits can be only partially mitigated through the integration of the geophysical methodologies and further efforts are necessary for improving the results obtainable with an integrated use of the adopted geophysical methodologies.

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Quantifying Depth of Burial and Composition of Shallow Buried Archaeological Material: Integrated Sub-bottom Profiling and 3D Survey Approaches

Cited by 6 publications

References 46 publications

Integrated Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Geomorphology and Sediment Dynamics of Prokljan Lake and Krka River Estuary, Croatia

Integrated Reconstruction of Late Quaternary Geomorphology and Sediment Dynamics of Prokljan Lake and Krka River Estuary, Croatia

Active Tectonics in the Kvarner Region (External Dinarides, Croatia)—An Alternative Approach Based on Focused Geological Mapping, 3D Seismological, and Shallow Seismic Imaging Data

ERT and GPR Prospecting Applied to Unsaturated and Subwater Analogue Archaeological Site in a Full Scale Laboratory

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