Quantifying horizontal transmission of Nosema lymantriae, a microsporidian pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae) in field cage studies

Hoch, Gernot; D’Amico, Vincent; Solter, Leellen F.; Zúbrik, Milan; McManus, Michael L.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2008.06.005

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A longer exposure period resulted in a higher percentage of infected test larvae, which reflects the accumulation of spores in the environment of the gypsy moth larvae. Such increase with longer exposure period was also demonstrated for N. lymantriae in a more complex environment of 2 m tall caged trees in the field (Hoch et al. 2008).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

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Three microsporidian pathogens infecting Lymantria dispar larvae do not differ in their success in horizontal transmission

Goertz

Hoch

2009

J Applied Entomology

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We quantified horizontal transmission of three microsporidian pathogens, Endoreticulatus schubergi, Nosema lymantriae and Vairimorpha disparis that infect Lymantria dispar larvae in an experiment using caged, potted oak plants. Despite marked differences in the modes of spore release from infectious hosts, no significant differences in the transmission success to uninfected, susceptible test hosts were ascertained between the tested microsporidian species. The density of initially inoculated larvae and the exposure period, on the other hand, did influence the number of infected test larvae. Depending on the density of inoculated larvae (10%, 30% or 50%), between 0% and 26% of the test larvae became infected with one of the three tested microsporidian pathogens after an exposure period of 6 days. When the exposure period was 12 days, between 11% and 76% of the test larvae became infected.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Only larvae that ingested the entire diet cube were used for the experiments. Inoculated larvae were permanently marked by clipping one proleg 2 days post‐infection (dpi) – a procedure that does not lead to increased mortality (Hoch et al. 2008) – and reared on wheat germ diet until 24 h after marking procedure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three microsporidian pathogens infecting Lymantria dispar larvae do not differ in their success in horizontal transmission

Goertz

Hoch

2009

J Applied Entomology

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“…They were permanently marked by clipping one proleg 2 dpi; this procedure does not lead to an increased mortality and does not reduce the mobility of the larvae (Weseloh, 1985b; Hoch et al , 2008). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the forest caterpillar hunter Calosoma sycophanta on the transmission of microsporidia in larvae of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar

Goertz

Hoch

2013

Agri and Forest Entomology

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The behaviour of predators can be an important factor in the transmission success of an insect pathogen. We studied how Calosoma sycophanta influences the interaction between its prey [Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae)] and two microsporidian pathogens [Nosema lymantriae (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) and Vairimorpha disparis (Microsporidia, Burellenidae)] infecting the prey.Using laboratory experiments, C. sycophanta was allowed to forage on infected and uninfected L. dispar larvae and to disseminate microsporidian spores when preying or afterwards with faeces.The beetle disseminated spores of N. lymantriae and V. disparis when preying upon infected larvae, as well as after feeding on such prey. Between 45% and 69% of test larvae became infected when C. sycophanta was allowed to disseminate spores of either microsporidium.Laboratory choice experiments showed that C. sycophanta did not discriminate between Nosema-infected and uninfected gypsy moth larvae. Calosoma sycophanta preferred Vairimorpha-infected over uninfected gypsy moth larvae and significantly influenced transmission.When C. sycophanta was allowed to forage during the latent period on infected and uninfected larvae reared together on caged, potted oak saplings, the percentage of V. disparis infection among test larvae increased by more than 70%. The transmission of N. lymantriae was not affected significantly in these experiments.Beetles never became infected with either microsporidian species after feeding on infected prey.We conclude that the transmission of N. lymantriae is not affected. Because no V. disparis spores are released from living larvae, feeding on infected larvae might enhance transmission by reducing the time to death and therefore the latent period.

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“…However, the Laboulbeniomycetes are all associated with insects or other arthropods mostly as biotrophic parasites (Blackwell 2009). There are a number of detailed studies examining the ecological interactions of microsporidia with their hosts particularly in forest Lepidoptera systems (Hoch et al 2000(Hoch et al , 2008Pilarska et al 2006;Solter 2006;Solter and Becnel 2007). We will only consider microsporidia superficially in this manuscript; the recent literature on this group is worthy of an entire ecological review.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in modelling complexity of fungal entomopathogens in semi-natural populations of insects

et al. 2009

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The use of fungal entomopathogens as microbial control agents has driven studies into their ecology in crop ecosystems. Yet, there is still a lack of understanding of the ecology of these insect pathogens in semi-natural habitats and communities. We review the literature on prevalence of fungal entomopathogens in insect populations and highlight the difficulties in making such measurements. We then describe the theoretical host-pathogen models available to examine the role that fungal entomopathogens could play in regulating insect populations in semi-natural habitats, much of the inspiration for which has been drawn from managed systems, particularly forests. We further emphasise the need to consider the complexity, and particularly the heterogeneity, of semi-natural habitats within the context of theoretical models and as a framework for empirical studies. We acknowledge that fundamental gaps in understanding fungal entomopathogens from an ecological perspective coupled with a lack of empirical data to test theoretical predictions is impeding progress. There is an increasing need, especially under current rapid environmental change, to improve our understanding of the role of fungi in insect population dynamics beyond the context of forestry and agriculture.

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Quantifying horizontal transmission of Nosema lymantriae, a microsporidian pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae) in field cage studies

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Three microsporidian pathogens infecting Lymantria dispar larvae do not differ in their success in horizontal transmission

Three microsporidian pathogens infecting Lymantria dispar larvae do not differ in their success in horizontal transmission

Influence of the forest caterpillar hunter Calosoma sycophanta on the transmission of microsporidia in larvae of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar

Challenges in modelling complexity of fungal entomopathogens in semi-natural populations of insects

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