Quantifying liquid water in frozen plant tissues by isothermal calorimetry

Livingston, David P.

doi:10.1016/j.tca.2007.04.019

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…5 ). Sucrose has been shown to dramatically reduce the rate of ice migration and to decrease nucleation temperature in canola (Gusta et al 2004 ) and oat leaves (Livingston 2007 ) presumably due to the ability of solutes to reduce the freezing point colligatively. Besides reducing the freezing point, sucrose directly protects cell membranes by interacting with the phosphate in their lipid phosphate headgroups, thus increasing membrane viscosity and stability through a vitrification state (Strauss and Hauser 1986 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors contributing to ice nucleation and sequential freezing of leaves in wheat

Livingston

Bertrand

Wisniewski

et al. 2021

Planta

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Main conclusion Anatomical, metabolic and microbial factors were identified that contribute to sequential freezing in wheat leaves and likely contribute to supercooling in the youngest leaves and potentially meristematic regions. Abstract Infrared thermography (IR) has been used to observe wheat leaves freezing independently and in an age-related sequence with older leaves freezing first. To determine mechanisms that might explain this sequence of freezing several analytical approaches were used: (1) The size of xylem vessels, in proximity to where freezing initiated, was measured to see if capillary freezing point depression explained sequential freezing. The sequence of freezing in the four youngest leaves was correlated, with the largest vessels freezing first. (2) Carbohydrate and amino acids were analyzed to determine if solute concentrations as well as interactions with membranes explained the freezing sequence. Sucrose was highly correlated to the freezing sequence for all leaves suggesting a prominent role for this sugar as compared to other simple sugars and fructans. Among individual free amino acids proline and serine were correlated to the freezing sequence, with younger leaves having the highest concentrations. (3) Microflora within and on leaf surfaces were determined to measure potential freezing initiation. Levels of bacteria and fungi were correlated to the freezing sequence for all leaves, and species or genera associated with high ice nucleation activity were absent in younger leaves. Moisture content and transcript expression of ice binding proteins were also measured. As expected, our results show that no single mechanism explains the freezing sequence observed via infrared analyses. While these multiple mechanisms are operative at different levels according to the leaf age, they seem to converge when it comes to the protection of vital meristematic tissues. This provides potential phenotypic characters that could be used by breeders to develop more winter-hardy genotypes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors contributing to ice nucleation and sequential freezing of leaves in wheat

Livingston

Bertrand

Wisniewski

et al. 2021

Planta

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“…As temperature decreases, this process (extracellular freezing) proceeds further through the cell walls and plasma membranes working as the barrier that blocks inbound ice intrusion while allows outbound water migration in the form of water or vapour. NMR spectroscopy and calorimetry estimated the residual unfrozen cellular water content in extracellularly frozen hardy tissues (Burke et al, ; Gusta et al, ; Zhu & Beck, ; Livingston, ). Approximately, 35–55, 30–40 and 20–30% of the initial water amount remain unfrozen at −7, −14 and −21 °C, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freezing behaviours in winteringCornus floridaflower bud tissues revisited using MRI

Ishikawa

Ide

Yamazaki

et al. 2016

Plant Cell & Environment

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How plant tissues control their water behaviours (phase and movement) under subfreezing temperatures through adaptative strategies (freezing behaviours) is important for their survival. However, the fine details of freezing behaviours in complex organs and their regulation mechanisms are poorly understood, and non-invasive visualization/analysis is required. The localization/density of unfrozen water in wintering Cornus florida flower buds at subfreezing temperatures was visualized with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This allowed tissue-specific freezing behaviours to be determined. MRI images revealed that individual anthers and ovules remained stably supercooled to -14 to -21 °C or lower. The signal from other floral tissues decreased during cooling to -7 °C, which likely indicates their extracellular freezing. Microscopic observation and differential thermal analyses revealed that the abrupt breakdown of supercooled individual ovules and anthers resulted in their all-or-nothing type of injuries. The distribution of ice nucleation activity in flower buds determined using a test tube-based assay corroborated which tissues primarily froze. MRI is a powerful tool for non-invasively visualizing unfrozen tissues. Freezing events and/or dehydration events can be located by digital comparison of MRI images acquired at different temperatures. Only anthers and ovules preferentially remaining unfrozen are a novel freezing behaviour in flower buds. Physicochemical and biological mechanisms/implications are discussed.

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“…Also, the greater accuracy of this analytical method allows for the energy released during nucleation events (latent heat capacity/enthalpy) to be more accurately quantified. This information will enable DSC to elucidate more information regarding the thermal energetics of the tissue to be understood ( Burke et al., 1976 ; Olien and Livingston, 2006 ; Livingston, 2007 ). Whereas DTA allows for the rapid and high-throughput determination of lethal temperatures of a larger sample size of reproductive buds, making it a preferred method for determining the cold tolerance of floral buds in a field setting ( Andrews et al., 1984 ; Mills et al., 2006 ), DSC is the preferred analytic approach for studying the mechanical behavior of ice formation in plant tissues.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal freezing and heat loss of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) reproductive buds are decreased with cellulose nanocrystal dispersions

et al. 2022

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Cold damage has caused more economic losses to fruit crop growers in the U.S. than any other weather hazard, making it a perennial concern for producers. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) represent a new generation of renewable bio-nanomaterials, with many unique physical and chemical properties, including their low thermal conductivity. Our team has developed a process for creating CNC dispersions that can be sprayed onto woody perennial crops, forming a thin insulating film around buds which has been shown to increase cold tolerance. Using digital scanning calorimetry (DSC) on dormant apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) reproductive buds, we investigated the thermodynamic properties of plant materials treated with CNC dispersion at lower temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the thickness of the CNC films and their deposition on the sweet cherry bud surface. Apple buds treated with 3% CNC exhibited lethal freezing at temperatures 3.2°C and 5.5°C lower than the untreated control when sampled 1 and 3 days after application, respectively. Additionally, the latent heat capacity (J/g) of the 3% CNC-treated buds was 46% higher compared with untreated buds 1 day after application, and this difference increased 3 days after application to 168% higher. The emissivity of cherry buds treated with 3% CNC was reduced by an average of 16% compared with the untreated buds. SEM was able to detect the dried films on the surface of the buds 3 days after application. Film thickness measured with SEM increased with material concentration. The emissivity, HTE, and LTE results show that CNC-treated reproductive buds released thermal energy at a slower rate than the untreated buds and, consequently, exhibited internal ice nucleation events at temperatures as much as 5.5°C lower. The increased enthalpy during the LTE in the CNC-treated apple buds shows more energy released at lethal internal freezing, indicating that CNC coatings are increasing the amount of supercooled water. The effects of CNC shown during the DSC tests were increased by CNC concentration and time post-application. These results suggest that CNC dispersions dry into nanofilms on the bud surface, which affects their thermodynamic processes at low temperatures.

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Quantifying liquid water in frozen plant tissues by isothermal calorimetry

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Factors contributing to ice nucleation and sequential freezing of leaves in wheat

Factors contributing to ice nucleation and sequential freezing of leaves in wheat

Freezing behaviours in winteringCornus floridaflower bud tissues revisited using MRI

Internal freezing and heat loss of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) reproductive buds are decreased with cellulose nanocrystal dispersions

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