Quantifying the Benefits of Residential Greywater Reuse

Byrne, Josh; Dallas, S.; Anda, M.; Ho, G.

doi:10.3390/w12082310

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Based on the local gure of 20% demand reduction (Alghool et al 2019), the total volume of recycled greywater could reach 15-17 MCM in 2050 for the different population estimates. However, by achieving a higher reduction of 50%, similar to global rates (Byrne et al 2020;Samayamanthula et al 2019), the total volume of reclaimed greywater could amount to 37-42 MCM (Fig. 2d).…”

Section: Scenario 2: On-site Greywater Reusementioning

confidence: 97%

Synergetic Water Demand and Sustainable Supply Strategies in GCC Countries: Data-Driven Recommendations

Khoury

Ghanimeh

Jawad

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, characterized with poor water resources and high oil/gas income, rely heavily on seawater desalination and non-renewable groundwater abstraction. The need to shift to demand-side solutions and sustainable supply alternatives has been long advocated; yet this study is the first to “quantify” its impact on the water management system of Qatar – considered a study case of GCC countries. In this research, a scenario-based approach was utilized to predict the impact of water demand control and wastewater reuse (and the resulting synergies) on desalinated water consumption, groundwater resources and wastewater infrastructure. To this effect, country-specific models for Qatar were developed to forecast yearly household water demand, wastewater generation and residential construction growth, up to year 2050. The outcomes showed that tariff reforms and regulated greywater reuse would reduce the household demand for desalinated water by up to 27% and 7%, respectively. Also, intensive reuse of Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) would reduce 40–80% of total groundwater abstraction for irrigation. Finally, adopting an integrated water strategy, with combined demand and supply management targets, creates synergies that would: (1) limit the exploitation of groundwater resources to a range close to their safe yield; and (2) delay the need for expansion of the water and wastewater infrastructure by more than a decade. Data-driven recommendations were provided accordingly.

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Section: Scenario 2: On-site Greywater Reusementioning

confidence: 97%

Synergetic Water Demand and Sustainable Supply Strategies in GCC Countries: Data-Driven Recommendations

Khoury

Ghanimeh

Jawad

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Thus, they propose that the reuse of greywater should be oriented to 'light' greywater, since the costs of treatment and technological complexity would be lower. However, most of the research has been focused on the performance of treatment systems and their technical characteristics (i.e., [5,[16][17][18][19][20]), while economic aspects that are critical for long-term sustainability have been approached considering particular case studies in different countries of the world [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, there are no experiments that have addressed the economic viability of 'light greywater' treatment systems, compared to 'dark greywater' treatment systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas

Leiva

Rodríguez

Sánchez

et al. 2021

Water

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Water scarcity is causing a great impact on the population. Rural areas are most affected by often lacking a stable water supply, being more susceptible to the impact of drought events, and with greater risk of contamination due to the lack of appropriate water treatment systems. Decentralized greywater treatment systems for water reuse in rural areas can be a powerful alternative to alleviate these impacts. However, the economic feasibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. This study reports an economic analysis carried out on the viability of greywater reuse considering scenarios with light greywater or dark greywater to be treated. For this, data obtained from the assembly and monitoring of greywater treatment systems located in the north-central zone of Chile, supplemented with data obtained from the literature were used. The results showed that both scenarios are not economically viable, since the investment and operating costs are not amortized by the savings in water. In both evaluated cases (public schools), the economic indicators were less negative when treating light greywater compared with the sum of light greywater and dark greywater as the inlet water to be treated. The investment and operating costs restrict the implementation of these water reuse systems, since in the evaluation period (20 years) a return on the initial investment is not achieved. Even so, our results suggest that the best alternative to reuse greywater in small-scale decentralized systems is to treat light greywater, but it is necessary to consider a state subsidy that not only supports capital costs but also reduces operating and maintenance costs. These findings support the idea that the type of water to be treated is a factor to consider in the implementation of decentralized greywater treatment systems for the reuse of water in rural areas and can help decision-making on the design and configuration of these systems.

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“…In order to alleviate drinking water supply systems and meet raising water demands, while simultaneously strengthening BGI in urban areas, it is imperative that unconventional urban water resources are exploited and supplied in adequate quantity and quality, e.g., greywater (wastewater excluding toilet and urinal wastewater [6]), effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), and/or other effluents. This practice has thus far been adopted particularly in countries with high water stress, e.g., Israel (see e.g., [7,8]) and Australia (see e.g., [9,10]), among others, etc. German quality standards for irrigation water, DIN 19650 (1999) [11] and DIN 19684-10 (2009) [12] are relatively strict, when compared to international standards (see [13][14][15]) and may require updating, as these documents were published over a decade ago.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands for Light Greywater Treatment

Morandi

Schreiner

Moosmann

et al. 2021

Water

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Integrated planning of urban blue–green infrastructures is crucial to strengthen urban environmental quality and mitigate negative climate change-associated effects. It implies, however, increased water demand for irrigation, wherefore greywater (wastewater excluding wastewater from toilets and urinals) can be used, yet it requires handling for safe reuse. One treatment option is the use of constructed wetlands (CW), which have thus far not been broadly applied in inner-city districts due to large area requirements. This work investigates a novel bipartite container-based vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) for the treatment of light greywater (from showers and hand wash basins) and its use as irrigation water for urban facade greenery. The VFCW consists of two compartments with 2.5 m2 filter area each, filled with 75 cm zeolite-containing lava sand (0–4 mm) and 75 cm Rhine sand (0–2 mm), respectively. In short, screening has proven to be well suitable for coarse solids removal, so there is no further need to settle light greywater, which reduces overall treatment area and benefits urban application. Treated greywater complied with irrigation standards at all times, yet mixing with rainwater can help reduce salt contents, if applicable. The modular/elevated lava sand VFCW exhibited extensive nitrification, even at extremely low water temperatures, as well as mean effluent concentrations of 6.3 mg/L COD and <0.05 mg/L Ptot, which makes it a very promising treatment option for greywater. All in all, the modular/elevated design promotes urban application of VFCW as a multifunctional blue–green system that can help increase urban resilience.

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Quantifying the Benefits of Residential Greywater Reuse

Cited by 10 publications

References 16 publications

Synergetic Water Demand and Sustainable Supply Strategies in GCC Countries: Data-Driven Recommendations

Synergetic Water Demand and Sustainable Supply Strategies in GCC Countries: Data-Driven Recommendations

Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas

Elevated Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands for Light Greywater Treatment

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