Quantifying the effect of in-stream rock clasts on the retardation of heat along a stream

Westhoff, Martijn; Bogaard, Thom; Savenije, Hubert

doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.02.006

Cited by 31 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…During daylight hours, the observation of net energy gains corroborated the observations of Brown et al (1971), Story et al (2003) and Westhoff et al (2010) for shaded streams downstream of clearings. Distinctive longitudinal patterns of net energy exchange were observed on days with clear skies when solar radiation and net energy gains were greatest, whereas net energy varied little within the reach on overcast days, indicating that meteorological conditions were a first-order control on patterns of net energy flux (Rutherford et al, 1997(Rutherford et al, , 2004.…”

Section: Micrometeorological and Land Use Controls On Energy Exchangesupporting

confidence: 79%

“…In using three AWSs situated directly above the stream (one in open moorland and two within the forest), this study sought to improve upon previous representations of turbulent heat fluxes, where often a single weather station (e.g. Westhoff et al, 2007Westhoff et al, , 2010Westhoff et al, , 2011Benyahya et al, 2010), sometimes not located within the study catchment (e.g. Westhoff et al, 2007;Benyahya et al, 2010), has been used.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Lagrangian modelling approach (after Bartholow, 2000;Boyd and Kasper, 2003;Rutherford et al, 2004;Westhoff et al, 2007Westhoff et al, , 2010Leach and Moore, 2011;MacDonald et al, 2014a, b) divided the reach into a series of segments (s) bounded by nodes (indexed by j ). For each time step, t (i.e.…”

Section: Lagrangian Water Temperature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Westhoff et al, 2007Westhoff et al, , 2010Westhoff et al, , 2011Benyahya et al, 2010), sometimes not located within the study catchment (e.g. Westhoff et al, 2007;Benyahya et al, 2010), has been used. Considerable heterogeneity was observed between meteorological measurements made at all weather stations, including within the forest.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

Garner

Malcolm

Sadler

et al. 2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

103

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Abstract. Previous studies have suggested that shading by riparian vegetation may reduce maximum water temperatures and provide refugia for temperature-sensitive aquatic organisms. Longitudinal cooling gradients have been observed during the daytime for stream reaches shaded by coniferous trees downstream of clear cuts or deciduous woodland downstream of open moorland. However, little is known about the energy exchange processes that drive such gradients, especially in semi-natural woodland contexts without confounding cool groundwater inflows. To address this gap, this study quantified and modelled variability in stream temperature and heat fluxes along an upland reach of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) where riparian land use transitions from open moorland to semi-natural, predominantly deciduous woodland. Observations were made along a 1050 m reach using a spatially distributed network of 10 water temperature data loggers, 3 automatic weather stations and 211 hemispherical photographs that were used to estimate incoming solar radiation. These data parameterised a high-resolution energy flux model incorporating flow routing, which predicted spatio-temporal variability in stream temperature. Variability in stream temperature was controlled largely by energy fluxes at the water-columnatmosphere interface. Net energy gains occurred along the reach, predominantly during daylight hours, and heat exchange across the bed-water-column interface accounted for < 1 % of the net energy budget. For periods when daytime net radiation gains were high (under clear skies), differences between water temperature observations increased in the streamwise direction; a maximum instantaneous difference of 2.5 • C was observed between the upstream reach boundary and 1050 m downstream. Furthermore, daily maximum water temperature at 1050 m downstream was ≤ 1 • C cooler than at the upstream reach boundary and lagged by > 1 h. Temperature gradients were not generated by cooling of stream water but rather by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the woodland reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Longitudinal thermal gradients were indistinct at night and on days when net radiation gains were low (under overcast skies), thus when changes in net energy gains or losses did not vary significantly in space and time, and heat advected into the reach was reasonably consistent. The findings of the study and the modelling approach employed are useful tools for assessing optimal planting strategies for mitigating against ecologically damaging stream temperature maxima.

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Section: Micrometeorological and Land Use Controls On Energy Exchangesupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lagrangian Water Temperature Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

Garner

Malcolm

Sadler

et al. 2014

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is a 1-D advection-dispersion model for heat transport with 2 transient storage zones coupled with an energy balance model. One transient storage zone represents heat exchange with in-stream rock clasts, which Westhoff et al (2010) found to be an important heat buffer. The second transient storage zone represents the hyporheic zone and is assumed to be located below the stream Westhoff et al, 2011) in the regolith.…”

Section: Previous Work and Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying spatial and temporal discharge dynamics of an event in a first order stream, using distributed temperature sensing

Westhoff

Bogaard

Savenije

2011

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Understanding the spatial distribution of discharge can be important for water quality and quantity modeling. Non-steady flood waves can, particularly as a result of short high intensity summer rainstorms, influence small headwater streams significantly. The aim of this paper is to quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of stream flow in a headwater stream during a summer rainstorm. These dynamics include gains and losses of stream water, the effect of bypasses that become active and hyporheic exchange fluxes that may vary over time as a function of discharge. We use an advectiondispersion model coupled with an energy balance model to simulate in-stream water temperature, which we compare with high resolution temperature observations obtained with Distributed Temperature Sensing. This model was used as a learning tool to stepwise unravel the complex puzzle of instream processes subject to varying discharge. Hypotheses were tested and rejected, which led to more insight in the spatial and temporal dynamics in discharge and hyporheic exchange processes. We showed that, for the studied stream infiltration losses increase during a small rain event, while gains of water remained constant over time. We conclude that, eventually, part of the stream water bypassed the main channel during peak discharge. It also seems that hyporheic exchange varies with varying discharge in the first 250 m of the stream; while further downstream it remains constant. Because we relied on solar radiation as the main energy input, we were only able to apply this method during a small summer storm and low flow conditions. However, when additional (artificial) energy is available, the presented method is also applicable in larger streams, during higher flow conditions or longer storms.

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Hyporheic flow and transport processes: Mechanisms, models, and biogeochemical implications

et al. 2014

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Fifty years of hyporheic zone research have shown the important role played by the hyporheic zone as an interface between groundwater and surface waters. However, it is only in the last two decades that what began as an empirical science has become a mechanistic science devoted to modeling studies of the complex fluid dynamical and biogeochemical mechanisms occurring in the hyporheic zone. These efforts have led to the picture of surface-subsurface water interactions as regulators of the form and function of fluvial ecosystems. Rather than being isolated systems, surface water bodies continuously interact with the subsurface. Exploration of hyporheic zone processes has led to a new appreciation of their wide reaching consequences for water quality and stream ecology. Modern research aims toward a unified approach, in which processes occurring in the hyporheic zone are key elements for the appreciation, management, and restoration of the whole river environment. In this unifying context, this review summarizes results from modeling studies and field observations about flow and transport processes in the hyporheic zone and describes the theories proposed in hydrology and fluid dynamics developed to quantitatively model and predict the hyporheic transport of water, heat, and dissolved and suspended compounds from sediment grain scale up to the watershed scale. The implications of these processes for stream biogeochemistry and ecology are also discussed.

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Quantifying the effect of in-stream rock clasts on the retardation of heat along a stream

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

Quantifying spatial and temporal discharge dynamics of an event in a first order stream, using distributed temperature sensing

Hyporheic flow and transport processes: Mechanisms, models, and biogeochemical implications

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