“…From then on, many experimental assays have been developed by coordinating the biological experiments and mechanical measurements. These include micropipette aspiration [25,31,36,51], optical tweezers [37,52,53], biological force probes [45,[54][55][56], atomic force microscopy (AFM) [38,39,43,[57][58][59][60][61], flow chamber [62][63][64][65], microcantilever needle [28], centrifugation [66], rosetting [67], cone-plate viscometer [68,69], surface force apparatus [70,71], and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) [72,73]. Here, two assays of micropipette aspiration and atomic force microscopy are exemplified to demonstrate how they work.…”