Quantifying the freeze-thaw performance of air-entrained concrete using the time to reach critical saturation modelling approach

Moradllo, Mehdi Khanzadeh; Qiao, Congzhen; Zaw, Myo; Hall, H.; Ley, M. Tyler; Weiss, Jason

doi:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103479

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The SAM number, a dimensionless empirical number, has been shown to correlate with the spacing factor calculated by the ASTM C457-16 method (36,37,(40)(41)(42)(43). Previously, researchers have validated the correlation between SAM number and total air content (41)(42)(43) and concluded that a decrease in the SAM number is observed with an increase in the air content (42,44). Boyle's law assumes a perfect equilibrium between volume change and the corresponding pressure difference measured on consolidation.…”

Section: Measurement Of Air Voids In Fresh Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Spacing Factor in Hardened Concrete Using the Fresh Concrete Measurements

Nikumbh

Panchmatia

Jones

2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Damage induced by freeze–thaw action in Portland cement concrete pavements can be minimized by ensuring the presence of a well-entrained air-void distribution within its cementitious paste. Several methods exist for assessing the air-void system in fresh concrete, principally ASTM C231-17a, ASTM C173-16, and AASHTO T 395. These methods accurately measure the fresh air content, but this alone is insufficient to assess air-void distribution parameters. ASTM C457-16 enables such an assessment but can only be performed on hardened concrete and consequently does not provide real-time assessment. Hence it was highly desirable to develop a system to accurately predict the air-void distribution properties, principally the spacing factor, of a concrete mixture, in real time, to support quality control/-assurance activities. A set of 271 observations was used to develop statistical models for predicting the spacing factor obtained by the RapidAir-based ASTM C457-16 method. The models were based on paste content and fresh concrete test measurements (predictors), for which least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis were used to select/reject variable(s). The predicted spacing factors (PSFs) obtained using these models in fresh concrete were evaluated on their ability to differentiate between a well-entrained (i.e., spacing factor <0.2 mm) and coarsely entrained (i.e., spacing factor >0.2 mm) air-void system. The PSFs from the base and final models exhibited 88.5% and 81.1% accuracy, respectively—much higher than that of the SAM number alone (48.4%). A larger fraction of the data set consisted of well-entrained spacing factor observations, which limited validation for coarsely entrained air-void systems.

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Section: Measurement Of Air Voids In Fresh Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Spacing Factor in Hardened Concrete Using the Fresh Concrete Measurements

Nikumbh

Panchmatia

Jones

2022

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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“…The tests analyzed in publications [6,7,50,53] indicate that the self-compacting of concrete due to the use of superplasticizers has a positive effect on the frost resistance of concrete. The study [53] describes the internal frost resistance tests of self-compacting concrete and concrete compacted by vibration containing from 5.5 to 8% of the air in the mix.…”

Section: Directions Of Future Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not possible to predict all the effects of admixtures or the undesirable effects. Among others, publications [3][4][5][6][7] analysed the influence of admixtures, mainly air-entraining ones, on the frost resistance of concrete.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Self-Compacting Concrete Admixtures on Frost Resistance and Compressive Strength—Commensurability of Frost Resistance Criteria

Piekarczyk

Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk

2021

Materials

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The article presents the results of original and relevant tests from the point of view of using self-compacting concrete admixtures, especially their compatibility with the cement and mutual compatibility in the case of using several admixtures in one mixture. The research contributes to the recognition of the effect of an unintentionally air-entraining superplasticiser (SP), anti-foam (AFA), viscosity-modifying (VMA) and air-entraining (AEA) admixtures on the internal frost resistance and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. Positive and undesirable effects of the combined use of several admixtures in this area have not been the subject of extensive analyses and publications so far. Superplasticiser, which unintentionally introduced a large amount of air to the concrete mixture, had a negative effect on the strength of the concrete and a positive effect on frost resistance. The addition of AFA to such concrete did not change the strength but worsened the values of the parameters estimating frost resistance. The AEA admixture resulted in a decrease in the strength of concrete but contributed to a change in the tendency to weaken the frost resistance observed in non-air-entrained concrete. The article also deals with the problem of compliance of the frost resistance criteria estimated upon various measures. It may be disturbing that finding frost resistance based on one criterion does not always mean frost resistance on another criterion. The discrepancies can be significant and misleading.

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“…Service life evaluation studies require determining the concrete mix's transport properties, such as chloride diffusion (ASTM C 1556) or rate of absorption (ASTM C 1585), which primarily control ion/fluid ingress into concrete structures (3,4). However, these performance tests require laborious sample conditioning, are timeconsuming and slow in implementation, and provide limited information on the measured properties in some cases, and, thus, are not ideal for implementation for quality control (5,6). However, the desire for rapid service life evaluation of concrete structures has led to the development of tests that rely on the electrical conduction of pore fluid to characterize the microstructure and transport properties of concrete mixtures (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Increasing the Reliability of Formation Factor-Based Transport Property Prediction for High Performance Concrete Mixtures Through Innovative Matching Pore Solution Curing

Saraswatula

Mukhopadhyay

2023

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Recent specifications for concrete bulk resistivity tests (ASTM C 1876 and AASHTO TP 119) recommend a submerged standard (simulated) pore solution (SPS, solution conductivity = 78.74 mS/cm) for curing concrete specimens. The rationale for the bucket test is that immersing concrete specimens in a soak solution similar to their pore solution would eliminate the need to determine pore solution resistivity for calculating the formation factor (FF) of concrete mixtures. However, the thermodynamic modeling predictions of 91-day pore solution concentration (PSC) for eight high performance concrete (HPC) mixtures evaluated in the current study showed SPS to be a close representation only for reference ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and binary silica fume mixtures. In contrast, the average PSC of Class F and Class C fly ash mixtures was approximately 12% to 20% lower and 20% to 40% higher, respectively, than the SPS. Accordingly, an innovative matching pore solution (MPS) curing approach was developed in which mixtures are grouped based on the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), that is, their type and replacement levels of the long-term PSC of concrete mixtures and, thereby, cured in a simulated solution matching the average PSC of a particular group. Based on experimental work in the current study, HPC mixtures under MPS demonstrated a lower coefficient of variation (COV) and more comparable (<10% difference) bulk resistivity (BR) and surface resistivity (SR) measurements compared with SPS. Moreover, the MPS improved the reliability in FF determination and FF-based transport property prediction for HPC mixtures, as verified by lower mean absolute error and improved R2 between FF-predicted diffusion coefficients and experimental measurements.

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Quantifying the freeze-thaw performance of air-entrained concrete using the time to reach critical saturation modelling approach

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Predicting Spacing Factor in Hardened Concrete Using the Fresh Concrete Measurements

Predicting Spacing Factor in Hardened Concrete Using the Fresh Concrete Measurements

Impact of Self-Compacting Concrete Admixtures on Frost Resistance and Compressive Strength—Commensurability of Frost Resistance Criteria

Increasing the Reliability of Formation Factor-Based Transport Property Prediction for High Performance Concrete Mixtures Through Innovative Matching Pore Solution Curing

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