Quantifying the fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution of a potential commercial manganese nodule mining operation

Heinrich, Luise; Koschinsky, Andrea; Markus, Till; Singh, Pradeep

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103678

Cited by 37 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For example, greenhouse gas emissions from the mining ship, transport ship and nodule processing on land are all important factors to consider. As long as heavy fuel oil is used for shipping, the release of greenhouse gases and air pollution will be an important issue 123 . Metallurgical processing of nodules at land-based facilities will also result in the release of greenhouse gases and, possibly, toxic waste 124 .…”

Section: Unique (Or Favourable) Characteristics Of Deep-ocean Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials

Hein

Koschinsky

Kühn

2020

Nat Rev Earth Environ

Self Cite

257

127

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Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules (also known as manganese nodules) are composed of iron and manganese oxides that accrete around a nucleus on the vast abyssal plains of the global ocean 1-6. Polymetallic nodules vary in diameter from less than one to tens of centi metres and acquire economically interesting quantities of critical metals (metals that are essential to the security and economic wellbeing of a nation) from ocean water and/or sediment pore waters. As a result, the enormous quantities of these nodules-which are conservatively estimated to total 21 billion dry tons in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone 7,8 (CCZ; located in the northeast equatorial Pacific Ocean) alone (Fig. 1)-host considerable tonnages of critical metals that are essential for green energy, vehicles and infrastructure, as well as for new technology and military applications. This reservoir of critical metals has, therefore, triggered interest in new deep-ocean mining operations. However, the potential environmental impacts of such activities are of great concern and have hastened extensive research and evaluation in this area 9-11. Polymetallic nodules were first discovered on the seabed at a depth of approximately 4,300-5,500 m during the 1872-1876 voyage of the HMS Challenger to study the deep ocean 12. A number of nodules, which contained numerous shark teeth and cetacean ear bones, were collected from the western end of the CCZ nodule field 12. Early hypotheses suggested that polymetallic nodules form by alteration of volcanic rocks and grains, especially glass, which are transformed into manganese carbonates and, finally, into oxides that are deposited from solution to form nodules on water-rich sediments 12-14. However, later work-aided in part by the 1957-1958 International Geophysical Year-revealed the general source of the metals (seawater and sediment pore water) and the sorption processes that might be involved in the acquisition of minor metals by nodules 15-20. Economic interest in the deep-ocean polymetallic nodules developed in the 1960s 15,16 , which subsequently led to the formation of consortia in Germany,

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Section: Unique (Or Favourable) Characteristics Of Deep-ocean Miningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials

Hein

Koschinsky

Kühn

2020

Nat Rev Earth Environ

Self Cite

257

127

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“…Thus far, the impacts to air directly resulting from deep-sea mining have received little attention in research. They should, however, be considered in a holistic assessment of the environmental impacts caused by deep-sea mining, especially in the context of climate change mitigation, and incorporated in regulatory frameworks (Heinrich et al 2020).…”

Section: Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Air Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Niner et al (2018), for example, suggest the use of shrouds on seafloor vehicles to limit the production and spreading of fine particles and Cuvelier et al (2018) mention the possibility to increase flocculation to encourage a faster settling of the plume. Furthermore, the use of alternative energy sources (e.g., liquefied natural gas (LNG)) and the increase of the energy efficiency of the ship engines could limit the release of greenhouse gases and air pollutants (Heinrich et al 2020). The third objective of the mitigation hierarchy is to restore ecosystem function and services after destruction.…”

Section: The Mitigation Hierarchymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transitioning to Sustainable Life below Water

2022

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From 2004 to 2017 he was a member and chair of the Committee of Directors. He is a fisheries biologist trained at Bochum, Hamburg and Kiel University and has worked in Antarctica, Argentina, and the Azores. Since 1991 his work has revolved around fish biology and ecology in tropical ecosystems and throughout the 1990s he was a coordinator for the bilateral co-operation in Marine Research between Brazil and Germany. His research interests lie in the wider field of "Adaptations of different life stages of fish to their environment and the consequences of climate change". This includes activities in growth and population dynamics; migration pattern of fish in coastal environments; ichthyoplankton; fisheries biology; ecology; and ecosystem responses to climate change. An important topic is his work is the ecosystem approach to fisheries management, by which he engaged for many years in the Large Marine Ecosystem community as well as the stimulation and enforcement of international cooperation and networking in marine science and governance. He is a member of the Group of Experts on Capacity Development of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO.

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“…Banyak orang menganggap kebijakan ini merugikan ekonomi nasional. (Heinrich, Koschinsky, Markus, & Singh, 2019) Namun, dalam jangka panjang, kebijakan ini adalah bentuk terbaik untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah dan neraca perdagangan terutama jika ditambah dengan inovasi teknologi dan peningkatan infrastruktur utama.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Aplikasi Penganalisis Kelayakan Ekonomi dalam Pengolahan Mineral Batubara dan Peningkatan Nilai Tambah Maupun Investasi yang Layak Secara Komersial di Indonesia

Tampubolon¹,

Sopian²

2020

j. kunnskapsteknol. inform. dan kompʹût.

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Persyaratan wajib yang diperlukan mengenai pemrosesan Mineral dan Batubara adalah untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah mineral yang akan diekspor dan untuk melestarikan pasokan mineral dalam negeri. Beberapa perusahaan pertambangan harus mempertimbangkan investasi tambahan dalam fasilitas peleburan dan pemurnian. Pertanyaan selanjutnya adalah apakah larangan ekspor akan berdampak besar pada bisnis pertambangan dan apakah investasi ini layak secara komersial. Sehubungan dengan Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral No. 7 tahun 2012 karena tidak adanya rencana komprehensif pemegang IUP mineral untuk melaksanakan Undang-Undang dan khususnya dalam pengembangan fasilitas pengolahan dan pemurnian atau juga dalam bentuk mineral memproses dan memperbaiki kerjasama di dalam negeri. Selama tiga tahun terakhir setelah UU tersebut diterbitkan, diindikasikan bahwa telah terjadi peningkatan ekspor bijih mineral dalam jumlah besar seperti ekspor bijih nikel meningkat sebesar 750%, bijih besi meningkat 700% dan bijih bauksit meningkat 500% . Untuk mengontrol ekspor bijih mineral (KESDM, 2011) perlu untuk membuat ketersediaan bahan baku untuk memproses dan memurnikan mineral di negara tersebut dan mencegah dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini saya akan melakukan penelitian khusus dalam pengolahan bahan baku mineral. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya dijadikan perbandingan dalam penelitian ini tetapi tidak dapat dipisahkan dari tema topik yaitu peningkatan nilai tambah dan investasi khusus dalam pengolahan bahan baku mineral (kasus batubara dan minyak kelapa sawit). Kegiatan penambangan selama 50 tahun konsep dasar secara umum relatif tidak berubah apa perubahan adalah skala kegiatan. Skala penambangan juga akan semakin besar seiring dengan mekanisasi peralatan penambangan. Pemrosesan ekstraksi bijih kadar rendah menjadi lebih ekonomis membutuhkan pengembangan teknologi pemrosesan yang semakin tinggi juga. Ini juga akan menyebabkan lapisan bumi yang lebih luas dan lebih dalam digali. Kegiatan penambangan yang disebutkan di atas akan secara langsung atau tidak langsung memiliki dampak besar juga dan dampaknya terhadap lingkungan harus diantisipasi. Menurut Bank Dunia, 1998, kegiatan penambangan memiliki pengaruh yang cukup luas dalam kegiatan mulai dari penggalian ke departemen pemrosesan. Pengaruh yang dapat ditimbulkan adalah selain dampak lingkungan yang juga memiliki pengaruh terhadap dampak sosial. Sebelum memulai kegiatan, biaya lingkungan, sosial dan kesehatan harus dipertimbangkan dan opsi alternatif untuk kegiatan yang akan dipilih. Juga penting untuk mengendalikan, mengelola, dan memantau langkah-langkah yang harus memiliki hubungan dalam perencanaan dan implementasi untuk upaya penutupan tambang.

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Quantifying the fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution of a potential commercial manganese nodule mining operation

Cited by 37 publications

References 12 publications

Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials

Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials

Transitioning to Sustainable Life below Water

Aplikasi Penganalisis Kelayakan Ekonomi dalam Pengolahan Mineral Batubara dan Peningkatan Nilai Tambah Maupun Investasi yang Layak Secara Komersial di Indonesia

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