Quantifying the light sensitivity of Calanus spp. during the polar night: potential for orchestrated migrations conducted by ambient light from the sun, moon, or aurora borealis?

Båtnes, Anna Solvang; Miljeteig, Cecilie; Berge, Jørgen; Greenacre, Michael; Johnsen, Geir

doi:10.1007/s00300-013-1415-4

Cited by 58 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The repeatedly reported synchronized emergence in C. finmarchicus indicates a response to a reliable seasonal cue like photoperiod. However, PAR data reveal that light levels in the deep layer of Loch Etive were well below the copepods detection limit (Båtnes et al ; Miljeteig et al ). While a clock‐based photoperiod measurement or hourglass timers therefore appear unsuitable for triggering emergence, the observed seasonal rhythmicity could be explained by a circannual clock that creates an endogenous rhythm with a period of ~ 365 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calanus finmarchicus seasonal cycle and diapause in relation to gene expression, physiology, and endogenous clocks

Häfker

Teschke

Last

et al. 2018

Limnology & Oceanography

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The copepod Calanus finmarchicus plays a crucial role in the north Atlantic food web. Its seasonal life cycle involves reproduction and development in surface waters before overwintering in diapause at depth. Although diapause has been studied for more than a century, the factors responsible for the initiation and termination of it are still unclear. Endogenous clocks have been identified as potent tools for photoperiod measurement and seasonal rhythmicity in many terrestrial species, but knowledge of these remains scarce in the marine realm. Focusing on the dominant CV copepodid stage, we sampled a population of C. finmarchicus from a Scottish sea loch to characterize population dynamics, several physiological parameters, and diel and seasonal expression rhythms of 35 genes representing different metabolic pathways, including the circadian clock machinery. This generated a detailed overview of the seasonal cycle of C. finmarchicus including the most extensive field dataset on circadian clock gene expression in a marine species to date. Gene expression patterns revealed distinct gene clusters upregulated at different phases of the copepod's seasonal cycle. While diel clock cycling was restricted to the active spring/summer phase, many clock genes exhibited the highest expression during diapause. Our results provide new insights into diapause on physiological and genetic levels. We suggest that photoperiod, in interaction with internal and external factors (lipid content, temperature, food availability) and the endogenous clock mechanism, plays an important role in the timing of diapause in C. finmarchicus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calanus finmarchicus seasonal cycle and diapause in relation to gene expression, physiology, and endogenous clocks

Häfker

Teschke

Last

et al. 2018

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Båtnes et al . [] reported that Calanus had sensitivity to illuminance levels as low as 5 × 10 −8 µmol photons m −2 s −1 for blue waveband which corresponds with about 3 × 10 −6 lux. Similar light sensitivity for Krill were reported by Cohen et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most earlier studies of DVM in the Arctic have focused on the period of midnight sun or the transition period from midnight sun to day/night cycle [ Kosobokova , ; Fortier , ; Blachowiak‐Samolyk et al ., ; Cottier et al ., ; Falk‐Petersen et al ., ; Rabindranath et al ., ]. Recent studies based on acoustic backscatter (ABS) data showed presence of synchronized DVM behavior of zooplankton that continued throughout the Arctic winter, in both open as in ice‐covered waters [ Berge et al ., ; Benoit et al ., ; Wallace et al ., ; Båtnes et al ., ; Cohen et al ., ]. Berge et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wintertime water dynamics and moonlight disruption of the acoustic backscatter diurnal signal in an ice‐covered Northeast Greenland fjord

et al. 2016

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Six and a half month records from three ice‐tethered Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers deployed in October 2013 in Young Sound fjord in Northeast Greenland are used to analyze the acoustic backscatter signal. The acoustic data suggest a systematic diel vertical migration (DVM) of scatters below the land‐fast ice during polar night. The scatters were likely composed of zooplankton. The acoustic signal pattern typical to DVM persisted in Young Sound throughout the entire winter including the period of civil polar night. However, polynya‐enhanced estuarine‐like cell circulation that occurred during winter disrupted the DVM signal favoring zooplankton to occupy the near‐surface water layer. This suggests that zooplankton avoided spending additional energy crossing the interface with a relatively strong velocity gradient comprised by fjord inflow in the intermediate layer and outflow in the subsurface layer. Instead, the zooplankton tended to remain in the upper 40 m layer where relatively warmer water temperatures associated with upward heat flux during enhanced estuarine‐like circulation could be energetically favorable. Furthermore, our data show moonlight disruption of DVM in the subsurface layer and weaker intensity of vertical migration beneath snow covered land‐fast ice during polar night. Finally, by using existing models for lunar illuminance and light transmission through sea ice and snow cover, we estimated under ice illuminance and compared it with known light sensitivity of Arctic zooplankton species.

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“…Examples of this extreme sensitivity include copepods ( Calanus sp.) that undergo diel vertical migration to depths of 50 m guided only by variations in moonlight intensity during the arctic winter (Båtnes, Miljeteig, Berge, Greenacre, & Johnsen, ; Last et al., ); sessile invertebrate larvae that move and identify suitable settlement locations guided by light levels equivalent to moonless overcast nights (Crisp & Ritz, ; Thorson, ) and polychaete worms, corals and echinoderms that synchronize broadcast spawning events using monthly and annual variations in lunar light intensity (Naylor, ). Many of these responses are clearly sensitive enough to be affected both by direct lighting and artificial skyglow (Figure ), and indeed such impacts have been demonstrated for zooplankton diel vertical migration in freshwater ecosystems (Moore et al., ).…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Biological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century

Davies

Smyth

2017

Global Change Biology

263

183

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The environmental impacts of artificial light at night have been a rapidly growing field of global change science in recent years. Yet, light pollution has not achieved parity with other global change phenomena in the level of concern and interest it receives from the scientific community, government and nongovernmental organizations. This is despite the globally widespread, expanding and changing nature of night-time lighting and the immediacy, severity and phylogenetic breath of its impacts. In this opinion piece, we evidence 10 reasons why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century. Our reasons extend beyond those concerned principally with the environment, to also include impacts on human health, culture and biodiversity conservation more generally. We conclude that the growing use of night-time lighting will continue to raise numerous ecological, human health and cultural issues, but that opportunities exist to mitigate its impacts by combining novel technologies with sound scientific evidence. The potential gains from appropriate management extend far beyond those for the environment, indeed it may play a key role in transitioning towards a more sustainable society.

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Quantifying the light sensitivity of Calanus spp. during the polar night: potential for orchestrated migrations conducted by ambient light from the sun, moon, or aurora borealis?

Cited by 58 publications

References 55 publications

Calanus finmarchicus seasonal cycle and diapause in relation to gene expression, physiology, and endogenous clocks

Calanus finmarchicus seasonal cycle and diapause in relation to gene expression, physiology, and endogenous clocks

Wintertime water dynamics and moonlight disruption of the acoustic backscatter diurnal signal in an ice‐covered Northeast Greenland fjord

Why artificial light at night should be a focus for global change research in the 21st century

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