Quantifying the recoverable resources of by-product metals: The case of cobalt

Mudd, Gavin Mark; Weng, Zhehan; Jowitt, Simon M.; Turnbull, I. A.; Graedel, T. E.

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.04.010

Cited by 147 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This implies evaluation of how much metal is present, how much is technically extractable, disregarding price, energy or political obstacles. Both Mudd et al (2013b) and (USGS 2015;Slack et al 2010) include ocean seabed cobalt crusts, but they evaluated the crust cobalt content very differently. The studies of the USGS are among the most valuable sources of information due to their wide scope, long term perspective and large degree of consistency (Shedd 2002(Shedd , 2012Papp et al 2008;Slack et al 2010;Berger et al 2011;Newman 2011;Johnson et al 2014;USGS 2015USGS , 2014.…”

Section: Usgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

Koca

2017

Biophys Econ Resour Qual

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The present business-as-usual cobalt use in society is not sustainable. Too much cobalt is lost if only market mechanisms are expected to improve recycling, and unnecessary cobalt is wasted if no policy actions are taken. Increased recycling and better conservation will be able to improve the supply situation, but this will need active policy participation beyond what market mechanisms can do alone. To conserve cobalt for coming generations, present policies must be changed within the next few decades. The sooner policies change, the better for future generations.

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Section: Usgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, such undertakings appear as technologically challenging and as capital intensive (Allsopp et al 2013;Clark and Smith 2013a, b). Mudd et al (2013b) estimates that a lot of cobalt is present, but very little is technically extractable.…”

Section: Usgsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

Sverdrup

Ragnarsdóttir

Koca

2017

Biophys Econ Resour Qual

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“…Interconnections between host and by-product metals are increasingly recognized as a main component of criticality Frenzel et al 2015;Peiró et al 2013;Mudd et al 2013b;Graedel and Reck 2015;Løvik et al 2015). The previously mentioned MFA studies focused on quantifying flows of critical metals and potential imbalances between co-products of mining, but are lacking a clear link to models of total available resources and mining capacity.…”

Section: Existing Approaches To Estimate Future Metal Flows and Resoumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Factors that can influence the choice of where to expand capacities include ore grades, available infrastructure, environmental issues, relations with the local communities, political and social stability (Mudd et al 2013b;Prior et al 2012). These factors can be broadly divided into two categories: (1) the mineralogy of the deposit, which determines the grades, the recovery rate of by-product, and environmental issues.…”

Section: Mining Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors can be broadly divided into two categories: (1) the mineralogy of the deposit, which determines the grades, the recovery rate of by-product, and environmental issues. Cobalt recovery rates from by-products of copper and nickel mining can vary from 25 to 80 % depending mostly on the type of deposit, while at the same time, potential mines where cobalt could be recovered as main product would rely on arsenic-rich ores and that would have to be managed carefully (Mudd et al 2013b). (2) The location and surroundings of the deposit which include the accessibility, land ownership rights, and political stability.…”

Section: Mining Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Matching global cobalt demand under different scenarios for co-production and mining attractiveness

Tisserant

Pauliuk

2016

Economic Structures

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Almost all elements of the periodic table are used in modern technology, especially for renewable energy and communication technologies. Graedel et al. assessed the AbstractMany new and efficient technologies require 'critical metals' to function. These metals are often extracted as by-product of another metal, and their future supply is therefore dependent on mining developments of the host metal. Supply of critical metals can also be constrained because of political instability, discouraging mining policies, or trade restrictions. Scenario analyses of future metal supply that take these factors into account would provide policy makers with information about possible supply shortages. We provide a scenario analysis for demand and supply of cobalt, a potentially critical metal mainly used not only in high performance alloys but also in lithium-ion batteries and catalysts. Cobalt is mainly extracted as by-product of copper and nickel.A multiregional input-output (MRIO) model for 20 world regions and 163 commodities was built from the EXIOBASE v2.2.0 multiregional supply and use table with the commodity technology construct. This MRIO model was hybridized by disaggregating cobalt flows from the nonferrous metal sector. Future cobalt demand in different world regions from 2007 to 2050 was then estimated, assuming region-and sector-specific GDP growth, constant technology, and constant background import shares. A dynamic stock model of regional reserves for seven different types of copper, cobalt, and nickel resources, augmented with optimization-based region-specific mining capacity estimates, was used to determine future cobalt supply. The investment attractiveness index developed by the Fraser Institute specifically for mining industry entered the optimization routine as a measure of the regional attractiveness of mining.The baseline scenario shows no cobalt supply constraints over the considered time period 2007-2050, and recovering about 60 % of cobalt content of the copper and nickel ore flows would be sufficient to match global cobalt demand. When simulating a hypothetical sudden supply dropout in Africa during the period 2020-2035, we found that shortages in cobalt supply might occur in such scenarios.

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Electrochemical recycling of lithium‐ion batteries: Advancements and future directions

Arnold,

Ruthes,

Kim

et al. 2024

EcoMat

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Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of technological innovation in the current global energy‐transition paradigm, driving surging demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy‐storage solutions. Despite their widespread use and superior energy densities, the environmental footprint and resource scarcity associated with LIBs necessitate sustainable recycling strategies. This comprehensive review critically examines the existing landscape of battery recycling methodologies, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling techniques, along with emerging approaches such as bioleaching and electrochemical separation. Our analysis not only underscores the environmental and efficiency challenges posed by conventional recycling methods but also highlights the promising potential of electrochemical techniques for enhancing selectivity, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating secondary waste production. By delving into recent advancements and juxtaposing various recycling methodologies, we pinpoint electrochemical recycling as a pivotal technology for efficiently recovering valuable metals, such as Li, Ni, Co, and Mn, from spent LIBs in an environmentally benign manner. Our discussion extends to the scalability, economic viability, and future directions of electrochemical recycling, and advocates for their integration into global battery‐recycling infrastructure to address the dual challenges of resource depletion and environmental sustainability.image

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Quantifying the recoverable resources of by-product metals: The case of cobalt

Cited by 147 publications

References 35 publications

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

Matching global cobalt demand under different scenarios for co-production and mining attractiveness

Electrochemical recycling of lithium‐ion batteries: Advancements and future directions

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