Quantitating Direct Chlorine Transfer from Enzyme to Substrate in Chloroperoxidase-catalyzed Reactions

Abstract

Substrate competition methods that were previously used to quantitate the involvement of free Cl 2 in the chloride-dependent peroxidatic reactions catalyzed by chloroperoxidase (CPO) (Libby, R. D., Shedd, A. L., Phipps, K. A., Beachy, T. M., and Gerstberger, S. M., (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1769 -1775) are extended to CPO-catalyzed halogenation reactions. Relative substrate specificities of halogen acceptor substrates (RHs) antipyrine (ap), NADH, 2-chlorodimedone (2cd), and barbituric acid (ba) are compared with previously studied peroxidatic substrates catechol (cat) and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (tmp) in their reactions with the CPO-H 2 O 2 -Cl system versus the hypochlorite-Cl system. Studies were carried out at pH 2.75 over a chloride concentration range of 1-100 mM and at pH 4.80 over a chloride concentration range of 100 -400 mM. Competition studies involved successive pairwise comparisons of substrates of increasing enzyme specificity. The orders of specificities, ba > 2cd > ap > cat > tmp at pH 2.75 and ba > 2cd > NADH > ap > cat > tmp at pH 4.80, are the same for both the CPO-H 2 O 2 -Cl and hypochlorite-Cl systems. However, the magnitudes of the specificities are different between the two systems. In all comparisons except ap versus cat, the specificity of the CPO-H 2 O 2 -Cl system toward the preferred substrate is higher than that of the hypochlorite-Cl system. Quantitative comparisons between specificities of CPO-H 2 O 2 -Cl and hypochlorite-Cl systems indicate that at least 98% of the CPO-catalyzed halogenation reactions of ba, 2cd, NADH, and ap occur by mechanisms in which the substrate reacts directly with the enzyme. Thus, less than 2% of any of the CPO reactions could possibly involve a free oxidized halogen intermediate. All data are consistent with a mechanism in which RH binds to the CPO chlorinating intermediate (EOCl), and the chlorine atom is transferred directly from EOCl to RH. Further, the results indicate that any halogenation substrate with a higher CPO specificity than ap must also undergo direct chlorine transfer from the enzyme.These results underscore the critical need for quantitative kinetic evidence in establishing the extent of involvement of any potential reaction intermediate. 269, 7950 -7956).Recently we reported the first direct kinetic evidence for the involvement of a free oxidized chlorine intermediate, Cl 2 , in a reaction catalyzed by chloroperoxidase (chloride:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.10) (1). CPO 1 is a very versatile enzyme. In addition to catalyzing reactions characteristic of peroxidases, hydrogen peroxide-supported oxidation, and iodi-* This work was supported by NIGMS, National Institutes of Health, Grant 7 R15 GM42078-02. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.‡ To whom correspondence should be addressed.1 The abbreviations used are: CPO, chloroperoxidase; t...

Formation mechanisms of trichloromethyl-containing compounds in the terrestrial environment: A critical review

“…One hypothesis is that CPO expresses a halogenating activity by the direct reaction of the intermediate with organic substrates. Several studies have shown that certain substrates are chlorinated at higher rates than others and much higher reaction rates are obtained with CPO when compared to the chlorination with HOCl (Dunford et al, 1987;Libby et al, 1996;Wagenknecht and Woggon, 1997;Murphy, 2003;Murali Manoj, 2006). These observations support the idea that the chlorination mechanism involved in the CPO catalyzed halogenation might be different from those of the non-enzymatic process.…”

Fe L-Edge X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Low-Spin Heme Relative to Non-heme Fe Complexes: Delocalization of Fe d-Electrons into the Porphyrin Ligand

“…cytochromes a, b, c and f) [1][2][3] which cycle between low-spin Fe(II) and low-spin Fe(III), small molecule binding and transport, 4,5 catalysis and O 2 activation (e.g. peroxidases and cytochromes P450) [6][7][8][9][10][11] where high valent Fe centers are involved in H atom abstraction, hydroxylation and epoxide formation. Heme sites are fundamentally different from non-heme iron sites in that the porphyrin ligand allows for the delocalization of the iron d electrons into the porphyrin π system.…”

Crystal Structures of Chloroperoxidase with Its Bound Substrates and Complexed with Formate, Acetate, and Nitrate

“…Such a species has been detected spectroscopically at pH 4.4 (13). However, it has not yet been entirely resolved whether this hypohalite intermediate directly chlorinates the organic substrate (15), or if HOCl is released upon protonation of the intermediate, and free HOCl or Cl 2 perform the chlorination reactions (16). Because CPO shows only low substrate specificity and chlorinates a wide range of substrates non-stereospecifically (17), it might indeed be that free HOCl or Cl 2 perform these reactions in solution.…”