Quantitation of nitro- and dinitropol ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter

Draper, William M.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(86)90537-0

Cited by 94 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Among the nitro-PAHs with highest concentrations were 2-NFlu and 2-NBP. The nitro-PAH 2-NFlu is a major component of diesel exhaust particles, such as the nitropyrenes, and is known as a carcinogenic nitro-PAH (Draper, 1986;Fujimoto et al, 2003). The PAH 2-NFlt was moderately correlated with Flt (R = 0.4); this species is produced from reactions between Flt and NO 2 (Albinet et al, 2008).…”

Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

et al. 2017

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Abstract. São Paulo in Brazil has relatively relaxed regulations for ambient air pollution standards and often experiences high air pollution levels due to emissions of particulate pollutants from local sources and long-range transport of air masses impacted by biomass burning. In order to evaluate the sources of particulate air pollution and related health risks, a year-round sampling was done at the University of São Paulo campus (20 m a.g.l.), a green area near an important expressway. The sampling was performed for PM 2.5 (≤ 2.5 µm) and PM 10 (≤ 10 µm) in 2014 through intensive (everyday sampling in wintertime) and extensive campaigns (once a week for the whole year) with 24 h of sampling. This year was characterized by having lower average precipitation compared to meteorological data, and high-pollution episodes were observed all year round, with a significant increase in pollution level in the intensive campaign, which was performed during wintertime. Different chemical constituents, such as carbonaceous species, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and derivatives, water-soluble ions, and biomass burning tracers were identified in order to evaluate health risks and to apportion sources. The species such as PAHs, inorganic and organic ions, and monosaccharides were determined using chromatographic techniques and carbonaceous species using thermal-optical analysis. Trace elements were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The risks associated with particulate matter exposure based on PAH concentrations were also assessed, along with indexes such as the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPE) and lung cancer risk (LCR). High BaPE and LCR were observed in most of the samples, rising to critical values in the wintertime. Also, biomass burning tracers and PAHs were higher in this season, while secondarily formed ions presented low variation throughout the year. Meanwhile, vehicular tracer species were also higher in the intensive campaign, suggesting the influence of lower dispersion conditions in that period. Source apportionment was performed using positive matrix factorization (PMF), which indicated five different factors: road dust, industrial emissions, vehicuPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11944 G. M. Pereira et al.: Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo lar exhaust, biomass burning and secondary processes. The results highlighted the contribution of vehicular emissions and the significant input from biomass combustion in wintertime, suggesting that most of the particulate matter is due to local sources, in addition to the influence of pre-harvest sugarcane burning.

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Section: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

et al. 2017

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“…Diesel exhaust is believed to consist of thousands of organic constituents and is a major cause of urban pollution (Bayona et al 1988;Draper 1986;Erdinger et al 2005;Mestres 2005;Morville 2006;Ona 2006;Schuetzle 1983;Schuetzle & Lewtas 1986;Seidel et al 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al 1996;Miyabara et al 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al 2001Tsukue et al , 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

Seki

Noya

Mikami

et al. 2009

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Goal, Scope, and Background We recently developed a new isolation method for diesel exhaust particles (DEP), involving successive extraction with H 2 O, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium hydroxide, in which the sodium hydroxide extract was found to consist of phenolic components. Analysis of the extract revealed that vasodilative active nitrophenols are in DEP in significantly higher concentration than those estimated by an earlier method involving a combination of solvent extraction and repeated chromatography. These findings indicated that our new procedure offers a simple, efficient and reliable method for the isolation and identification of bioactive substances in DEP. This encouraged us to extend our work to investigating new vasodilatory substances in the sodium bicarbonate extract. Materials and Methods DEP were collected from the exhaust of a 4JB1-type engine (ISUZU Automobile Co., Tokyo, Japan). GC-MS analysis was performed with a GCMS-QP2010 instrument (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).Results DEP dissolved in 1-butanol was successively extracted with water, sodium bicarbonate, and then aqueous sodium hydroxide. The sodium bicarbonate extract was neutralized and the resulting mixture of acidic components was subjected to reverse-phase (RP) column chromatography followed by RP-HPLC with fractions assayed for vasodilative activity. This led to the identification of telephthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenol, and 1,4,5-naphthalene tricarboxylic acid as components of DEP. DiscussionThe sodium bicarbonate extract was rich in the acidic components. Repeated reverse-phase chromatography resulted in the successful isolation of several acidic substances including the new vasodilative materials, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid. Seidel et al. 2006). A number of studies on the adverse effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on human health, including lung cancer (McClellan 1987;Ichinose et al. 1997), allergic rhinitis (Muranaka 1986;Takafuji et al. 1987), bronchial asthma-like disease (Sagai et al. 1996;Miyabara et al. 1998), and disruption of endocrine function, have been reported (Yoshida et al. 1999;Watanabe & Oonuki 1999;Tsukue et al. 2001Tsukue et al. , 2002. While these studies have furnished epidemiologically important results, they have been done without knowledge of the bioactive entities in DEP, making it difficult to estimate the effect of individual components on human health. In our earlier studies on the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds contained in DEP, we have isolated aromatic substances including nitrophenols (Mori et al. 2003a;Taneda et al. 2004a) that showed strong vasodilatory activity by a method involving successive solvent extractions, followed by repeated column chromatography. This multi-step isolation procedure, however, resulted in poor fractionation with impaired accuracy and reproducibility. Therefore, it was crucial to develop a more efficient and ...

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“…Pulmonary toxicity, carcinogenicity, and other chronic effects of diesel emissions are mainly associated with absorbed materials (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, quinones) on the surface of particulates (94)(95)(96). Filtered diesel emissions evoke only minimal pulmonary changes and tumors in experimental animals (97).…”

Section: Dieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Vallyathan¹,

Shi²

1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Oxygen free radicals and their metabolites, collectively described as reactive oxygen species (ROS), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. The pulmonary system is particularly vulnerable to ROS-induced injury because of its continuous exposure to toxic pollutants from a wide variety of sources in the ambient air. Additionally, lungs are exposed systemically to ROS generated from xenobiotic compounds and endogenous sources. This review describes the sources of endogenous and exogenous ROS generation in the lung. Special emphasis is given to major sources of ROS in occupational and environmental exposures to asbestos, crystalline silica, coal, chromium, herbicides, bleomycin, and cigarette smoke. ROS-induced lung injury at different target levels may contribute to similar patterns of cell injury and alterations at the molecular level by initiation, propagation, and autocatalytic chain reactions. Intracellular signalling, activation and inactivation of enzymes, stimulation, secretion, and release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and nuclear factor activation and alterations are also common events. Understanding the interactions of these intricate mechanistic events is important in the prevention and amelioration of lung injury that results from acute and chronic exposures to toxins in ambient air. Environ Health Perspect 1 05(Suppl 1 :1 65-177 (1997)

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Quantitation of nitro- and dinitropol ycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter

Cited by 94 publications

References 16 publications

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Particulate pollutants in the Brazilian city of São Paulo: 1-year investigation for the chemical composition and source apportionment

Isolation and identification of new vasodilative substances in diesel exhaust particles

The Role of Oxygen Free Radicals in Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

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