Nonspecific
adsorption of biomolecules to solid surfaces, a process
called biofouling, is a major concern in many biomedical applications.
Great effort has been made in the development of antifouling polymer
coatings that are capable of repelling the nonspecific adsorption
of proteins, cells, and micro-organisms. In this respect, we herein
contribute to understanding the factors that determine which polymer
brush results in the best antifouling coating. To this end, we compared
five different monomers: two sulfobetaines, a carboxybetaine, a phosphocholine,
and a hydroxyl acrylamide. The antifouling coatings were analyzed
using our previously described bead-based method with flow cytometry
as the read-out system. This method allows for the quick and automated
analysis of thousands of beads per second, enabling fast analysis
and good statistics. We report the first direct comparison made between
a sulfobetaine with opposite charges separated by two and three methylene
groups and a carboxybetaine bearing two separating methylene groups.
It was concluded that both the distance between opposite charges and
the nature of the anionic groups have a distinct effect on the antifouling
performance. Phosphocholines and simple hydroxyl acrylamides are not
often compared with the betaines. However, here we found that they
perform equally well or even better, yielding the following overall
antifouling ranking: HPMAA ≥ PCMA-2 ≈ CBMAA-2 > SBMAA-2
> SBMAA-3 ≫ nonmodified beads (HPMAA being the best).