Quantitative analysis of 33 benzodiazepines, metabolites and benzodiazepine-like substances in whole blood by liquid chromatography?(tandem) mass spectrometry

Smink, B. E.; BRANDSMA, J; Dijkhuizen, Albert; Lusthof, Klaas J.; Gier, Johan J. de; Egberts, Toine C. G.; Uges, Donald

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.079

Cited by 48 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the basis of the proposed fragmentation pathway for the metabolite temazepam m/z 301.0, it is possible to form the m/z 283 fragment that results from the loss of H 2 O, as confirmed by Smyth et al (2000). Another breakage that can occur is the loss of the CO that forms the m/z 255 fragment; such fragment was confirmed by Xiang et al (2011), Kim et al (2011 and Rust et al (2012), in their analysis of hair samples; the results were similar to those obtained by Smink et al (2004) in whole blood samples.…”

Section: Identification Of Metabolitessupporting

confidence: 64%

“…However, Smyth et al (2010) reported that this loss of water (from the benzodiazepine ring) causes the contraction to a six-membered ring. As a result, there is a loss of CO, which forms the m/z 241 fragment and chlorine, with the formation of m/z 206, as confirmed by Smyth et al (2000), Smink et al (2004) and Kim et al (2011). Another possible route is the formation of m/z 241 through the loss of a phenyl group, resulting in the formation of a Fig.…”

Section: Identification Of Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Almeida

Oliveira

Mallmann

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study addresses the occurrence of carbamazepine and diazepam and their metabolites in the wastewater of the University Hospital (HUSM) of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS-Brazil. Samples were collected from three sampling points of the sewage treatment system: point A ('emergency effluent'), point B ('general effluent') and point C ('water course-receptor'). Eight metabolites were identified: carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, 10-dihydro-carbamazepine, 2-OH-carbamazepine, iminoquinone, acridone, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam. The mean concentrations in the emergency, general effluent and water course-receptor were as follows: 433.0 ± 4.7, 349.0 ± 5.0 and 485.0 ± 5.6 ng L(-1), for carbamazepine and 550.0 ± 4.3, 441.0 ± 7.9 and 586.6 ± 9.3 ng L(-1), for diazepam, respectively. Liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqLIT-MS) proved to be a method fit-to-purpose. The determination of carbamazepine and diazepam, and the identification of active metabolites showing environmental persistence (carbamazepine-10-11-epoxide, nordiazepam and oxazepam) revealed the need for a more effective treatment of the HUSM effluent. As far as we know, no similar study has been carried out on the wastewater of Brazilian hospitals.

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Section: Identification Of Metabolitessupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Identification Of Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Almeida

Oliveira

Mallmann

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Many efforts have been researched to detect the flunitrazepam by indirect laser-induced fluorescence detection on a microfluidic device 12 , GC/MS, or HPLC from specimen testing: body fluid, hair, etc. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Although the detection of flunitrazepam by these techniques is a precise quantitative analysis, the sample preparation is complicated, time consuming, and expensive. It would be an advantage to screening flunitrazepam readily from alcoholic drinks by a simple technique like UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry owing to its convenient sample preparation, low cost, and fast detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pongampai¹,

Amornpitoksuk²,

Kanatharana³

et al. 2011

ScienceAsia

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The photocatalytic effect of ZnO particles was developed for the detection of standard flunitrazepam and Rohypnol tablets in coloured spirit solution by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It is a screening technique for qualitative detection and quantitative estimating flunitrazepam concentration before getting the precise values by other high performance techniques. In an alcoholic solution with ZnO particles, the flunitrazepam is changed to 7-amino-flunitrazepam after irradiation. The absorption band shifts to a longer wavelength (309 nm to 345 nm). The photocatalytic parameters such as the reaction temperature, ZnO concentration, and irradiation time were studied in this work. With the optimum condition, the detection limits of standard flunitrazepam and Rohypnol are 0.024 mg/l and 0.092 mg/l in a solution mixture of ethanol and soda water (1:25). The method was applied to detect the flunitrazepam in coloured spirit brands in Thailand.

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“…Sometimes a poorly adapted dosing of these drugs can worsen the patient status due to their eventual toxicity and this is particularly the case for tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates and first generation antipsychotics. Moreover, due to their widespread use, psychotropic drugs are frequently involved in cases of deliberate and accidental poisoning (Sanchez De La Torre, Martinez, & Almarza, 2005;Smink et al, 2004). So far in Rwanda, the determination of BCLs of these drugs is not done regardless of the case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method for determination in serum of psychotropic drugs

Hahirwa

Charlier

Karangwa

et al. 2017

RWJour

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Background: The relevance of the determination of blood concentration levels of psychotropic drugs has been demonstrated in Rwanda. However, due to the lack of appropriate analytical methods, such activity is not carried out in this country. Objective: The aim of this work was to transfer to a Rwandan laboratory a High Performance Liquid Chromatography based method, applicable for the determination in serum of psychotropic drugs commonly prescribed in Rwanda. Method: Liquid-liquid extraction using prazepam as internal standard was used for sample preparation. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Symmetry C8 analytical column, using acetonitrile and a phosphate buffer as mobile phase. The method was validated with respect to total error concept as decision criterion. Results: The validated method was linear over tested dosing intervals with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99 for all analytes. The precision was good with RSD between 1.3 and 15.6% and the trueness ranged between 87 and 109%.The accuracy of the method was demonstrated as well. Conclusion: The analytical method allowing a simultaneous determination in serum of several antipsychotropic drugs was successfully validated and thus transferred to the Laboratory of Analysis of Foodstuffs, Drugs, Water and Toxics (Rwanda).

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Quantitative analysis of 33 benzodiazepines, metabolites and benzodiazepine-like substances in whole blood by liquid chromatography?(tandem) mass spectrometry

Cited by 48 publications

References 13 publications

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Determination of the psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam in hospital effluent and identification of their metabolites

Untitled

Transfer of high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method for determination in serum of psychotropic drugs

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