Quantitative analysis of hydrogen peroxide with special emphasis on biosensors

Abstract

Determination of hydrogen peroxide (HO) has become essential in pharmaceutical, biological, clinical and environmental studies. The conventional detection methods of HO such as colourimetry, titration, chromatography, spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, chemiluminescence have limited success, due to their poor selectivity and sensitivity, long analysis time and lack of long-term reliability and reproducibility. The biosensors overcome these limitations because of their simplicity, rapidity, selectivity and high sensitivity. This review describes the principle, analytic parameters, merits and demerits of various methods of HO determination with special emphasis on biosensors. The classification of biosensors based on various materials/nanomaterials and electrodes have been described in detail. The recent advances in vivo sensing and bio-sensing of HO by hemoglobin nanoparticles are also presented. The significant challenges and future perspective for highly selective HO detection are discussed.

Sulfenylation of Human Liver and Kidney Microsomal Cytochromes P450 and Other Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes as a Response to Redox Alteration

“…and not just a cumulative or average amount over time, especially in prominent production areas such as the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes (42). When looking at redox issues, one mainly focuses on a concentration of H 2 O 2 for which the effect can be reversed.…”

Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors for Biomedical Applications

“…Potentiometric probes measure the potential (voltage) between a working and reference electrode in a system that has no significant current flow [18][19][20][21][22][23]. The working electrode needs to be modified so that changes in potential correlate to changes in H 2 O 2 concentration, and the reference electrode must remain constant so that it can serve as a reference, or comparison, to the working electrode [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Amperometric sensors rely on the principle that changes in current are correlated to change in concentration [18][19][20]22,24].…”

“…The working electrode needs to be modified so that changes in potential correlate to changes in H 2 O 2 concentration, and the reference electrode must remain constant so that it can serve as a reference, or comparison, to the working electrode [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Amperometric sensors rely on the principle that changes in current are correlated to change in concentration [18][19][20]22,24]. Therefore, amperometric sensors use two or three electrodes to measure the change in the current of a sample while the potential (voltage) is held constant [18][19][20]22,24].…”

“…While titration and chromotography can be used to quantify H 2 O 2 levels, they are not ideal for in vitro and in vivo testing [14,15]. The two classes of sensors that are typically used for H 2 O 2 detection in biological systems are light detecting sensors and electrochemical sensors [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Light detection sensors function through the detection and analysis of light emitted from a sample; besides that, they can greatly vary in their method of excitation, method in which light is changed, and emission wavelengths [16,17].…”

“…Electrochemical sensors function through the quantification of changes in chemical energy through an electrical transducer [18,20,23]. Potentiometric sensors measure the potential (voltage) between probes for which there is no current [18,20,23], and amperometric sensors measure the current while the potential (voltage) is maintained [18,20,24]. Both potentiometric and amperometric sensors have been used to quantify H 2 O 2 levels and are discussed in greater detail in this paper [12,13].…”