In this paper, we propose a deep neural network-assisted strategy to accurately and efficiently identify local defect resonance (LDR) modes and accurately image the internal damage in composites. A two-dimensional convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) model was constructed to identify LDR modes. The frequency-domain contour maps were used as input data, given that the LDR phenomenon exhibits discernible physical attributes in the frequency domain that are conducive to deep neural network assimilation. The obtained results demonstrate effective training outcomes and transferability, even with a limited number of samples. The LDR modes are efficiently extracted by the developed 2D-CNN model and used to obtain the accurate imaging of internal damages in composites.