Quantitative assessment of exposure to fecal contamination in urban environment across nine cities in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and a city in the United States

Wang, Yuke; Mairinger, Wolfgang; Raj, Suraja J.; Yakubu, Habib; Siesel, Casey; Green, Jamie; Durry, Sarah E; Joseph, George; Rahman, Mahbubur; Amin, Nuhu; Hassan, Md. Zahidul; Wicken, James; Dourng, Dany; Larbi, Eugene; Adomako, Lady Asantewa B.; Senayah, Ato Kwamena; Doe, Benjamin; Buamah, R.; Tetteh-Nortey, Joshua Nii Noye; Kang, Gagandeep; Karthikeyan, Arun S; Roy, Shalini; Brown, Joe; Muneme, Bacelar; Sene, Seydina Ousmane; Tuffuor, Benedict; Mugambe, Richard K.; Bateganya, Najib Lukooya; Surridge, Trevor; Ndashe, Grace Mwanza; Ndashe, Kunda; Ban, Radu; Schrecongost, Alyse; Moe, Christine L.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151273

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“… 57 This is particularly important in rural areas where both agriculture and ground-water sources remain heavily polluted with fecal contamination. 59 , 60 Additionally, factors such as healthcare coverage and household assets, such as refrigeration and clean cooking fuel, are all associated with improved child growth. 44 , 46 , 49 , 61 Poor maternal nutrition, inadequate dietary diversity, and intrastate inequality are also associated with poor child linear growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

Jain

Pitchik

Harrison

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Sustainable Development Goal 6.2 aims to end open defecation by 2030 by ensuring universal access to private household toilets. However, private toilets might not be feasible for poor households. As a result, policy makers and academics have suggested well-managed shared sanitation facilities as an alternative solution. Less is known about the associations between shared sanitation use and health. Using data from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey from 2019 to 2021, we estimated the association between usual defecation location and child anthropometry outcomes among children under 2 years in India. The primary exposure was usual defecation location at the household level. We compared both shared improved toilet use and open defecation to private, improved toilet use. We used linear regression to estimate the associations between the exposures and linear outcomes: height-for-age Z-score, weight-for-height Z-score, and weight-for-age Z-score. We used Poisson regression with a log link to estimate the prevalence ratios of stunting, wasting, and underweight. After controlling for environmental, maternal, socioeconomic, and child confounders, we found no differences in six child anthropometry outcomes when comparing shared toilet use or open defecation to private toilet use. This finding was consistent across both urban and rural households. Our findings confirm the null associations between private toilet use and child growth found in previous studies, and that this association does not vary if the toilet is being shared. Future research should examine these differences between private and shared toilets in the context of other health outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

Jain

Pitchik

Harrison

et al. 2023

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Other transmission pathways beyond those affected by WASH interventions should be considered. A recent study found that food pathways were the most common dominant route of exposure to fecal contamination across cities in LMICs . While other pathways were found to be dominant in some site-specific regions, they were often limited to smaller geographical areas .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study found that food pathways were the most common dominant route of exposure to fecal contamination across cities in LMICs. 71 While other pathways were found to be dominant in some site-specific regions, they were often limited to smaller geographical areas. 71 Our findings highlight, as MapSan found, that urban sanitation may not deliver the expected benefits in isolation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscalar Evaluation of the Water Distribution System and Diarrheal Disease Risk in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Espira,

Gessese,

Kassa

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Despite growing urbanization, our understanding of the impacts of water and sanitation on human health has largely come from studies in rural sectors. To this end, we collected data at both regional (water quality measures from water treatment systems) and community (cross-sectional surveys) scales to examine determinants of enteric pathogen infection and diarrheal disease among infants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Regionally, the Legedadi water treatment plant had significantly lower heterotrophic plate counts, total coliform counts, and fecal coliform counts compared with the Gefersa water treatment plant. The number of pathogen types in infant stool also differed by plant. Decreases in chlorine levels and increases in the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria with distance from treatment plants suggest a compromised water distribution system. In communities, infants in households that obtained water from yard pipes or public taps had significantly lower odds of diarrhea compared to households that had water piped into their dwellings (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.16, 0.76, and OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.15, 1.00, respectively). Similarly, infants in households that boiled or filtered water had significantly lower odds of diarrhea compared to households that did not treat water (OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.19, 0.86 and OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.06, 0.84, respectively). Integrating multiscalar data better informs the health impacts of water in urban settings.

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“…According to the study, the probability of NoV infection from oyster consumption in the US and Canada was 0.108 and 0.188, which is similar to our results [ 43 ]. Owusu et al investigated the annual probability of NoV infection in wastewater-irrigated vegetables and showed that the probability of infection ranged from 9.2 × 10 −1 to 9.4 × 10 −1 for all genotypes of NoV [ 49 ]. Ankita Bhatt et al found that the probability of infection for AdV and NoV both reached 0.9 [ 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Five Foodborne Viruses in Shellfish Based on Multiplex qPCR

Yu,

Xu,

Chen

et al. 2023

Foods

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Foodborne diseases are currently the most critical food safety issue in the world. There are not many hazard identification and exposure assessments for foodborne viruses (Norovirus GI, GII, Hepatitis A Virus, Rotavirus, Adenovirus) in shellfish. Multiplex qPCR for the simultaneous detection of five foodborne viruses was established and used to assess infection risk based on a 1-year pathogenesis study. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the multiplex qPCR method are consistent with that of conventional qPCR, which saves more time and effort. Overall, 37.86% of shellfish samples had one or more foodborne viruses. Risk assessment formulae and matrices were used to develop risk assessments for different age groups, different seasons and different shellfish. The annual probability of contracting a foodborne virus infection from shellfish is greater than 1.6 × 10−1 for all populations, and even for infants aged 0–4 years, it is greater than 1.5 × 10−2, which is much higher than the risk thresholds recommended by WHO (10−6) and the US EPA (10−4). High risk (level IV) is associated with springtime, and medium risk (level III) is associated with Mussel consumption. This study provides a basis for the risk of foodborne viral infections in people of different ages, in different seasons, and by consuming different shellfish.

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Quantitative assessment of exposure to fecal contamination in urban environment across nine cities in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and a city in the United States

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

The Association between Anthropometric Failure and Toilet Types: A Cross-Sectional Study from India

Multiscalar Evaluation of the Water Distribution System and Diarrheal Disease Risk in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Five Foodborne Viruses in Shellfish Based on Multiplex qPCR

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