Quantitative assessment of nociceptive processes in conscious dogs by use of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex

Bergadano, Alessandra; Andersen, Ole Kæseler; Arendt‐Nielsen, Lars; Schatzmann, U.; Spadavecchia, Claudia

doi:10.2460/ajvr.67.5.882

Cited by 35 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The test‐retest validity method for this tool may not be useful because CMSM is a progressive disease with signs frequently changing and worsening. Ideally, it would be tested for criterion validity, but there currently is no gold standard objective method of evaluating neuropathic pain in dogs; however, techniques such as quantitative sensory thresholds and nociceptive withdrawal reflex may have utility . The use of the words “pain” and “scratching” in the ChiMPS‐T questions could introduce respondent bias; therefore, wording may need to be altered to increase validity of this tool.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Questionnaire‐based Analysis of Owner‐reported Scratching and Pain Signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Screened for Chiari‐like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Sparks

Cerdá-González

Griffith

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundChiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) cause a pain syndrome in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). Clinical signs are not consistently apparent on neurologic examination, and owner reporting of signs provides vital clinical history. However, owner questionnaires for this disease are not well developed.ObjectivesTo develop a tool to capture owner‐reported clinical signs for use in clinical trials and to compare owner‐reported signs with the presence of pain on neurologic examination and SM on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).AnimalsFifty client‐owned CKCS.MethodsOwners completed a questionnaire and pain/scratch map. Each dog underwent a neurologic examination and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Questionnaire responses were developed into scores, area of shading for pain/scratch maps was measured, and consistency of responses between these tools was assessed. Owner‐reported findings were compared with neurologic examination findings and presence and severity of SM on MRI.ResultsThirty‐three dogs were symptomatic and 17 asymptomatic; 30 had SM. The most common sign of pain was crying out when lifted (n = 11). Extent of shaded areas on maps positively correlated with questionnaire scores for pain (r 2 = 0.213, P = 0.006) and scratch (r 2 = 0.104, P = 0.089). Owner‐reported findings were not significantly associated with presence or severity of SM or neurologic examination findings. Owner‐reported lateralization of signs was significantly associated with SM lateralization (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe questionnaire and maps may be useful for clinical trials. Lack of association of owner‐reported signs with SM highlights our lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of pain in this disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Questionnaire‐based Analysis of Owner‐reported Scratching and Pain Signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Screened for Chiari‐like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Sparks

Cerdá-González

Griffith

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…However, such work needs to be performed together with ‘gold standard’ methods for detecting central sensitization. Short of removing the spinal cord and performing neurobiological analysis, the best method may be using nociceptive withdrawal reflexes measured using electromyographic apparatus (Bergadano et al, 2006; Courtney et al, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility and repeatability of thermal quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs and dogs with hind limb osteoarthritis-associated pain

Williams

Kirkpatrick

Griffith

et al. 2014

The Veterinary Journal

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The objectives of this study were to determine whether thermal quantitative sensory testing (QST) can be performed in client-owned dogs, is repeatable and whether QST differs between normal dogs and dogs with hind limb osteoarthritis (OA). This clinical, prospective, observational study used clinically normal dogs (n = 23) and dogs with OA-associated hind limb pain (n = 9). Thermal QST was performed in standing dogs using a high-powered light source delivered by a previously validated system. Dogs were tested on two occasions, 2 weeks apart. Five tests were performed on each hind limb at each time point. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of leg, time point and OA/normal status on thermal threshold latencies (TTL). Additionally, paired t tests were used to compare the TTL of left and right limbs within groups and between time points. Thermal thresholds were successfully measured in 32 client-owned dogs without prior training. TTL were significantly different between normal and OA dogs (P = 0.012). There was no difference between limbs (P = 0.744) or time periods (P = 0.572), when analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance, and no interactions between group and limb, visit and limb, or visit and group. In conclusion, thermal thresholds can be measured in client owned dogs with no prior training and are repeatable from week to week. Further data are required to determine if OA results in thermal hypoalgesia as measured at the distal hind limb and whether this is an indication of central sensitization.

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“…Electrical stimulation and EMG recordings were performed by use of a specially designed, computerized system (Bergadano et al. 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nerve was transcutaneously stimulated by using a standard, constant‐current electrical stimulus, a train‐of‐five square‐wave 1 msecond pulses at 200 Hz (Bergadano et al. 2006; Andersen 2007), and the reflex response was recorded by surface EMG.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes evoked by single and repeated nociceptive stimuli in conscious dogs by low‐dose acepromazine

Bergadano

Andersen

Arendt‐Nielsen

et al. 2009

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Quantitative assessment of nociceptive processes in conscious dogs by use of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex

Abstract: In dogs, the NWR can be evoked from limbs and correlates with behavioral reactions. Results suggest that NWR evaluation may enable quantification of nociceptive system excitability and efficacy of analgesics in individual dogs.

Cited by 35 publications

References 55 publications

Questionnaire‐based Analysis of Owner‐reported Scratching and Pain Signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Screened for Chiari‐like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Questionnaire‐based Analysis of Owner‐reported Scratching and Pain Signs in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels Screened for Chiari‐like Malformation and Syringomyelia

Feasibility and repeatability of thermal quantitative sensory testing in normal dogs and dogs with hind limb osteoarthritis-associated pain

Modulation of nociceptive withdrawal reflexes evoked by single and repeated nociceptive stimuli in conscious dogs by low‐dose acepromazine

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