Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex in normal and anesthetized dogs: a preliminary study

Kim, Jury; Heo, Jiseong; Ji, Dong-Beom; Kim, Minsu

doi:10.1292/jvms.14-0387

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Significant differences in pupillometry parameters have been reported in humans treated with different anesthetics. 64 The medications used for anesthesia in that particular study, ketamine and xylazine, reportedly elicit mydriatic effects in dogs. The anesthetics we used were acepromazine, propofol, and isoflurane.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Yeh

Koehl

Harman

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate a chromatic pupillometry protocol for specific functional assessment of rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in dogs.MethodsChromatic pupillometry was tested and compared in 37 dogs in different stages of primary loss of rod, cone, and combined rod/cone and optic nerve function, and in 5 wild-type (WT) dogs. Eyes were stimulated with 1-s flashes of dim (1 cd/m2) and bright (400 cd/m2) blue light (for scotopic conditions) or bright red (400 cd/m2) light with 25-cd/m2 blue background (for photopic conditions). Canine retinal melanopsin/Opn4 was cloned, and its expression was evaluated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsMean ± SD percentage of pupil constriction amplitudes induced by scotopic dim blue (scDB), scotopic bright blue (scBB), and photopic bright red (phBR) lights in WT dogs were 21.3% ± 10.6%, 50.0% ± 17.5%, and 19.4% ± 7.4%, respectively. Melanopsin-mediated responses to scBB persisted for several minutes (7.7 ± 4.6 min) after stimulus offset. In dogs with inherited retinal degeneration, loss of rod function resulted in absent scDB responses, followed by decreased phBR responses with disease progression and loss of cone function. Primary loss of cone function abolished phBR responses but preserved those responses to blue light (scDB and scBB). Although melanopsin/Opn4 expression was diminished with retinal degeneration, melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs were identified for the first time in both WT and degenerated canine retinas.ConclusionsPupil responses elicited by light stimuli of different colors and intensities allowed differential functional assessment of canine rods, cones, and ipRGCs. Chromatic pupillometry offers an effective tool for diagnosing retinal and optic nerve diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Because the pupillometry system recorded only to 14 s after light offset, we were unable to calculate the full extent of PIPR. 53,54 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Yeh

Koehl

Harman

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…The response latency of the dog pupil is also similar to most other mammals, ranging between ca. 133-381msec (Grozdanic et al, 2007;Whiting et al, 2013;Kim et al, 2015;Yeh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Carnivoramentioning

confidence: 99%

The pupillary light responses of animals; a review of their distribution, dynamics, mechanisms and functions

Douglas

2018

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

103

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The timecourse and extent of changes in pupil area in response to light are reviewed in all classes of vertebrate and cephalopods. Although the speed and extent of these responses vary, most species, except the majority of teleost fish, show extensive changes in pupil area related to light exposure. The neuromuscular pathways underlying light-evoked pupil constriction are described and found to be relatively conserved, although the precise autonomic mechanisms differ somewhat between species. In mammals, illumination of only one eye is known to cause constriction in the unilluminated pupil. Such consensual responses occur widely in other animals too, and their function and relation to decussation of the visual pathway is considered. Intrinsic photosensitivity of the iris muscles has long been known in amphibia, but is in fact widespread in other animals. The functions of changes in pupil area are considered. In the majority of species, changes in pupil area serve to balance the conflicting demands of high spatial acuity and increased sensitivity in different light levels. In the few teleosts in which pupil movements occur they do not serve a visual function but play a role in camouflaging the eye of bottom-dwelling species. The occurrence and functions of the light-independent changes in pupil size displayed by many animals are also considered. Finally, the significance of the variations in pupil shape, ranging from circular to various orientations of slits, ovals, and other shapes, is discussed.

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“…Pupillometry is a non-invasive, objective method that provides measures of pupil size and response. With the physiological differences between cellular responses within the retina, chromatic pupillometry -measuring pupil responses to different wavelengths and intensities of light -becomes a useful tool in evaluating visual function and has been used in assessment of glaucoma in people (Feigl et al 2011, Kankipati et al 2011, Nissen et al 2014, Adhikari et al 2016 and pupillometry techniques are also described in dogs (Grozdanic et al 2007, Whiting et al 2013a, b, 2015, Kim et al 2015.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protocol for assessment of the pupillary light reflex in dogs without chemical restraint: preliminary investigation

Graham

McCowan

White

2020

J of Small Animal Practice

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To explore the use of a modified pupillometry technique in dogs without chemical restraint. Materials and MethOds: Following dark adaptation, pupillary light reflexes were assessed in six dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome, in the unaffected eye of eight dogs with unilateral primary glaucoma ("predisposed"), and in 11 healthy dogs. Responses to red, blue and white lights were recorded and relative pupil sizes subsequently determined based on video recordings of each test. results: Mean testing time was 2.3 minutes (range 1.8 to 3.1 minutes), excluding time for dark adaptation. Baseline pupil size in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome was greater than in normal and predisposed eyes. Pupil constriction was reduced in predisposed compared to normal and sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome eyes when stimulated with high-intensity blue light. Compared to normal eyes, those with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome had reduced pupil constriction when stimulated with low-and high-intensity red light, low-intensity blue light and white light. clinical significance: Quantitative measures of pupil function were obtained from healthy and diseased eyes without the need for chemical restraint. Further investigations are warranted to validate the technique and evaluate its use in the management of canine glaucoma. Conscious chromatic pupillometry in dogs

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Quantitative assessment of pupillary light reflex in normal and anesthetized dogs: a preliminary study

Cited by 20 publications

References 11 publications

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

Assessment of Rod, Cone, and Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cell Contributions to the Canine Chromatic Pupillary Response

The pupillary light responses of animals; a review of their distribution, dynamics, mechanisms and functions

Protocol for assessment of the pupillary light reflex in dogs without chemical restraint: preliminary investigation

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