Quantitative Bone Analysis in Children: Current Methods and Recommendations

Specker, Bonny; Schöenau, Eckhard

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.02.002

Cited by 123 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Prior to four months of age the femur grows in both length and diameter, which impacts its geometry and biomechanical properties. Bones that are short or wide (all else being equal) are better able to withstand torsional loads and, therefore, will not break as easily as bones that are long or narrow [21]. During puberty, the porosity of the bone increases due to increased bone turnover, contributing to the increased number of fractures often seen in adolescents [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bones that are short or wide (all else being equal) are better able to withstand torsional loads and, therefore, will not break as easily as bones that are long or narrow [21]. During puberty, the porosity of the bone increases due to increased bone turnover, contributing to the increased number of fractures often seen in adolescents [21]. During prepuberty and puberty, body and muscle mass increase, placing additional load on the bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of genetic background in determining phenotypic severity throughout postnatal development and at peak bone mass in Col1a2 deficient mice (oim)

Carleton¹,

McBride²,

Carson³

et al. 2008

Bone

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Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by extreme bone fragility. Although fracture numbers tend to decrease post-puberty, OI patients can exhibit significant variation in clinical outcome, even among related individuals harboring the same mutation. OI most frequently results from mutations in type I collagen genes, yet how genetic background impacts phenotypic outcome remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the phenotypic severity of a known proα2(I) collagen gene defect (oim) on two genetic backgrounds (congenic C57BL/6J and outbred B6C3Fe) throughout postnatal development to discern the phenotypic contributions of the Col1a2 locus relative to the contribution of the genetic background.To this end, femora and tibiae were isolated from wildtype (Wt) and homozygous (oim/oim) mice of each strain at 1, 2 and 4 months of age. Femoral geometry was determined via µCT prior to torsional loading to failure to assess bone structural and material biomechanical properties. Changes in mineral composition, collagen content and bone turnover were determined using neutron activation analyses, hydroxyproline content and serum pyridinoline crosslinks.Corresponding Author: Charlotte L. Phillips, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Departments of Biochemistry and Child Health, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1 Hospital Dr., M743 Medical Sciences Bldg., Columbia, MO 65212, Phone: (573) 882-5122, Fax: (573) 884-4597, Email: PhillipsCL@missouri.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. µCT analysis demonstrated genotype-, strain-and age-associated changes in femoral geometry as well as a marked decrease in the amount of bone in oim/oim mice of both strains. Oim/oim mice of both strains, as well as C57BL/6J (B6) mice of all genotypes, had reduced femoral biomechanical strength properties compared to Wt at all ages, although they improved with age. Mineral levels of fluoride, magnesium and sodium were associated with biomechanical strength properties in both strains and all genotypes at all ages. Oim/oim animals also had reduced collagen content as compared to Wt at all ages. Serum pyridinoline crosslinks were highest at two months of age, regardless of strain or genotype. NIH Public AccessStrain differences in bone parameters exist throughout development, implicating a role for genetic background in determining biomechanical strength. Age-associated improvements indicate that oim/ oim animals partially compensate for their weaker bone material, but never attain Wt levels. These studies indicate the importance of genetic back...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of genetic background in determining phenotypic severity throughout postnatal development and at peak bone mass in Col1a2 deficient mice (oim)

Carleton¹,

McBride²,

Carson³

et al. 2008

Bone

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“…DEXA measures bone in two dimensions and provides estimates of bone mineral content and bone area; bone mineral density is then calculated as bone mineral content/bone area. 6 However, DEXA has limitations, particularly for use in children. DEXA interpretation may be complicated by movement artifacts, 40 and the analyses are expensive and require exposure to ionizing radiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7][8][9] However, interpretation of QUS measurements may be problematic for tubular bones, and may be influenced by anthropometric measurements, bone size and cortical thickness. 6,42 In addition, adequate reference databases are not available for some of the existing ultrasound devices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DEXA is currently the most widely used method for quantitating bone mineral density. 6,7 Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a method that measures the propagation time, or speed of sound (SOS), of an ultrasound signal between two transmitters and receivers within a probe. QUS measures structural information in addition to density, and studies suggest that it may improve the estimation of bone strength and fracture risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bone ultrasound velocity in small- versus appropriate-for-gestational age preterm infants

2007

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Objective: To compare bone status of small-for-gestational age (SGA) versus appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) newborn preterm infants.Study Design: Tibial speed of sound (SOS) was measured in 144 infants categorized as SGA or AGA using the reference tables of Lubchenco et al. and Alexander et al.Result: By the Lubchenco tables, 22% of infants were SGA and 75% were AGA. The mean gestational ages of SGA and AGA were similar (33.3±2.6 and 32.5±2.4 weeks, respectively, P ¼ 0.09); however, SGA infant birth weights were lower (1329±392 and 1829±481 g, respectively, P<0.001). SOS values were higher for SGA versus AGA infants (3098±135 and 3003±122 m/s, respectively. P<0.001). Use of the Alexander tables yielded a twofold increase in the percent of infants categorized as SGA; SOS values remained significantly greater for SGA infants (P<0.001). Conclusion:Higher tibial SOS values in SGA versus AGA infants indicate greater bone strength.

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Adolescent Bone Health

Loud¹,

Gordon²

2006

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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Pediatric and adolescent care professionals have increasingly recognized the importance of understanding the skeletal health of their patients. Peak bone mass, the "bone bank" on which an individual will draw for their entire adult life, is likely achieved by late adolescence, with the critical window for accumulation occurring much earlier. This review outlines the known conditions that are associated with impaired bone mineral accrual and clinical settings in which the evaluation of "at-risk" adolescents should be considered. We describe the methods available to the health care professional for evaluating bone density, along with the limitations of each technology. Potential therapeutic options for patients identified to have a low bone mineral density are discussed. Finally, current recommendations regarding physical activity and nutrition, beneficial interventions for all adolescents, are presented.

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Quantitative Bone Analysis in Children: Current Methods and Recommendations

Cited by 123 publications

References 31 publications

Role of genetic background in determining phenotypic severity throughout postnatal development and at peak bone mass in Col1a2 deficient mice (oim)

Role of genetic background in determining phenotypic severity throughout postnatal development and at peak bone mass in Col1a2 deficient mice (oim)

Bone ultrasound velocity in small- versus appropriate-for-gestational age preterm infants

Adolescent Bone Health

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