Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Castellanos, F. Xavier; Giedd, Jay N.; Marsh, Wendy; Hamburger, Susan; Vaituzis, A. Catherine; Dickstein, Daniel P.; Sarfatti, Stacey E.; Vauss, Yolanda C.; Snell, John; Lange, Nicholas; Kaysen, Debra; Krain, Amy L.; Ritchie, G F; Rajapakse, Jagath C.; Rapoport, Judith L.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070053009

Cited by 1,001 publications

(729 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…In support of the role for frontal cortex in ADHDlike behaviors, lesions of the frontal lobes cause a breakdown of goal directed activity, executive function, attention and produce hyperactivity (Benson and Stuss 1982;Petrides and Milner 1982). In imaging studies, the right frontal lobes including PFC (Hynd et al 1990;Castellanos et al 1996b) and the caudate nucleus of children with ADHD were smaller in volume than controls, possibly suggesting a neurodevelopmental lag in the maturation of the associated neuronal pathways and their connectivity (Castellanos et al 1996b). Thus, increasing catecholaminergic neurotransmission in cortical areas may be involved in the efficacy of psychostimulants and atomoxetine in ADHD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Bymaster

Katner

Nelson

et al. 2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

1,022

790

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Bymaster

Katner

Nelson

et al. 2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

1,022

790

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“…The results of diverse studies of the anatomic features of the caudate in ADHD patients have been contradictory. Some studies have reported that the right caudate nucleus is smaller in children with ADHD, 4,[15][16][17] whereas others have found that only the left caudate is smaller in ADHD individuals 5 or that there is no difference. 18 Another study found that the total volume of the caudate was smaller in individuals with ADHD but that this difference disappeared during adolescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Montes

Ricardo-Garcell

Torre

et al. 2010

jpn

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Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown decreased caudate volumes in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most of these studies have been carried out in male children. Very little research has been done in adults, and the results obtained in children are difficult to extrapolate to adults. We sought to compare the volume of the caudate of adults with ADHD with that of healthy controls; we also compared these volumes between men and women. Methods: We performed an MRI scan on 20 adults with ADHD (10 men and 10 women) aged 25-35 years and 20 healthy controls matched by age and sex. We used voxel-based morphometry with the DARTEL algorithm for image analyses. We used the specifically designed Friederichsen, Almeida, Serrano, Cortes Test (FASCT) to measure the severity of ADHD; both the self-reported (FASCT-SR) and the observer (FASCT-O) versions were used. Results: The statistical parametric map showed a smaller region with low grey matter volume and a smaller concentration of grey matter in this region of the right caudate in ADHD patients than in health controls, both in the entire sample and within each sex. There was a significant correlation between the volume of this region of the caudate with the number of DSM IV-TR criteria, as well as with the total scores and most of the factors of the FASCT-SR and FASCT-O scales. A separate correlation analysis by sex gave similar results. Limitations: The study design was cross-sectional. Conclusion: The region of the right caudate with low grey matter volume was smaller in adults with ADHD in both sexes and was correlated with ADHD severity.

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“…Methylphenidate (MPH) blocks the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (Castellanos, 1997). Furthermore, neuroimaging studies have consistently reported abnormalities in nigrostriatal dopaminergic brain structures (Aylward et al, 1996;Castellanos et al, 1996) and function (Zametkin et al, 1993;Vaidya et al, 1998;Zametkin and Liotta, 1998) in children with ADHD. Consistent with these findings, neuroimaging studies in ADHD adults have shown alterations in presynaptic dopamine storage processes (Ernst et al, 1998) and in the density of striatal dopamine transporters (DATs) (Dougherty et al, 1999;Krause et al, 2000Krause et al, , 2002, although not consistently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopamine Transporter Genotype and Methylphenidate Dose Response in Children with ADHD

Stein

Waldman

Sarampote

et al. 2005

Neuropsychopharmacol

130

117

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Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (MPH), are the most commonly used, effective treatment for ADHD. MPH acts primarily by inhibiting the dopamine transporter (DAT), a protein responsible for the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into presynaptic terminals. We sought to evaluate the relationship between DAT1 3 0 -untranslated region (3 0 -UTR) variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) genotypes and dose response to MPH. Children with ADHD (n ¼ 47), ages 5-16 years (mean ¼ 9.02 years), underwent a 4-week, double-blinded, crossover trial with forced weekly dosage changes. Children were genotyped for the DAT1 VNTR and evaluated on placebo and three dosage levels of OROS s MPH. Parents and clinicians who were blind to genotype and medication status rated ADHD symptoms, impairment, and stimulant side effects each week. Children who were homozygous for the less common, 9-repeat DAT1 3 0 -UTR genotype displayed a distinct dose-response curve from that of the other genotype groups, with an absence of typical linear improvement when the dose was increased from 18 mg to 36 and 54 mg. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms related to poor response in patients with the 9/9-repeat genotype, and to determine if this group responds differentially to alternative treatments.

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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract: This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.

Cited by 1,001 publications

References 92 publications

Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Clinical correlations of grey matter reductions in the caudate nucleus of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Dopamine Transporter Genotype and Methylphenidate Dose Response in Children with ADHD

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