“…So far, current practices for avoiding or managing substrate clogging, whether preventative measures (e.g., intermittent operation, reducing hydraulic load) or restorative measures (e.g., cleaning and changing areas that exhibit clog-induced hydraulic problem), could only relatively mitigate and inform, with lack of accuracy, the actual extent of the clogging process, respectively. Over the past decade, the cumulative issues dealing with void space clogging have gained increasing attention worldwide (Wang et al 2021 ), and adapted methods to the local context towards clogging detection as well as anomalies/areas of interest such as lateral losses or dead zones were usually the key challenge (Casas et al 2012 ; Liu et al 2018a ).…”