Quantitative determination of amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Skender, Ljiljana; Karačić, Višnja; Brčić, Irena; Bagarić, Ante

doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00630-2

Cited by 92 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Hair samples were analysed according to a previously validated procedure (8). The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method was developed for determining amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDA, and MDEA in hair.…”

Section: Hair Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Karačonji

Brajenović

2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Hair analysis is a reliable tool for detecting long-term exposure to illegal drugs, including amphetaminetype stimulants, over periods from a few weeks to a few months, depending on the length of the hair used for analysis. Between 2000 and 2012, over 600 hair samples were analysed at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia (IMROH) for the presence of amphetamine-type stimulants. IMROH has used the same procedure for testing hair samples for amphetamine-type stimulants for over twelve years. It was found to be reliable for confirming repeated abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA-Ecstasy), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in hair. Hair samples were either taken at the Institute, delivered by mail or a third person brought them to the laboratory. In most cases, the hair samples were tested anonymously. A total of 23 % of the tested samples were positive for one or more amphetamine-type stimulant. MDMA was the most frequently detected substance, whereas the most frequent combination was amphetamine with MDMA. Our results could indicate a trend in amphetamine-type stimulant abuse among young people in the Republic of Croatia. KEY WORDS: GC/MS; MDMA; methamphetamine; quantitative determinationBrčić Karačonji I and Brajenović N. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2014;65:225-230 Amphetamine-type stimulants usually refer to s y n t h e t i c s u b s t a n c e s l i k e a m p h e t a m i n e , m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e , 3 , 4 -m e t h y l e n e d i o x ym e t h a m p h e t a m i n e ( M D M A -E c s t a s y ) , 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) that act as central nervous system stimulants. According to data provided by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (1), approximately one quarter of Europe's adult population have used an illicit drug at some point in their lives and approximately 3.8 % of all Europeans aged 15-64 have consumed amphetamines at least once in their lifetime (2). A study conducted by the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Science on illicit drug use in the general Croatian population (4,756 respondents) showed that 16 % of adults aged 15-64 reported taking at least one type of drug of abuse in their lifetime (3). Amphetamine-type stimulants are the second most frequently used illicit drugs after cannabis: the lifetime prevalence of taking cannabis in Croatia is 15.6 %, followed by amphetamines (2.6 %) and ecstasy (2.5 %). The main concern is the higher lifetime prevalence (25.7 %) of taking an illegal drug among the 15-34 age group. In the same age group, the lifetime prevalence rate of taking amphetamine-type stimulants was two times higher than among all adults (aged 15-64). Around 23 % of respondents who had taken an amphetaminetype stimulant at least once reported their first experience with these illegal drugs at an age be...

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Section: Hair Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Karačonji

Brajenović

2014

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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“…Some studies have demonstrated that ethnicity must be considered, since the incorporation of cocaine into the human hair seems to be more extent in non-Caucasian than in Caucasian subjects, possibly due to pigmentation differences (Henderson et al, 1998;Joseph et al, 1996;Joseph et al, 1997;Reid et al, 1996). Hair cosmetic treatments, like bleaching or dying, can also interfere with the analytical results as they may affect the drug stability, leading to a partial or total loss of hair cocaine contents (Skender et al, 2002;Wennig, 2000).…”

Section: Determination Of Cocaine and Its Metabolites In Biological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated that the inclusion of an efficient washing step prior to hair analysis, typically with an organic solvent such as dichloromethane, will effectively eliminate the environmental drug contamination component (Kintz, 1998;Koren et al, 1992;Schaffer et al, 2002;Skender et al, 2002). However, Kidwell & Blank (1996) showed that heavy hair cocaine contamination cannot be completely eliminated with any of the washing solutions tested (from water and methanol, ionic or non-ionic solutions, to dimethylformamide).…”

Section: Determination Of Cocaine and Its Metabolites In Biological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Biological Matrices

Valente¹,

Carvalho²,

Bastos³

et al. 2012

Gas Chromatography - Biochemicals, Narcotics and Essential Oils

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“…Os efeitos iniciais da cocaína no organismo constituem em euforia, excitação, insônia e supressão do apetite, devido à ação no sistema nervoso central [4]. A análise de cocaína pelas técnicas de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) [6][7][8][9] e cromatografia gasosa (CG) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] tem sido amplamente reportada na literatura, indicando o potencial das mesmas para as análises forenses. A boa acuracidade e robustez, aliadas à possibilidade de obtenção de limites de detecção na ordem de ng mL -1 para a cocaína utilizando-se tais metodologias, possibilitou a aplicação destas técni-cas cromatográficas na análise do referido entorpecente em diversas matrizes, tais como fluidos biológicos [7,15,16], cabelo [6,8,14] e peças de interesse forense, como papel moeda [16], indicando a versatilidade de tais métodos.…”

Section: Cocaína E Crackunclassified

Análise do teor de cocaína em amostras apreendidas pela polícia utilizando-se a técnica de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência com detector UV-Vis

et al. 2009

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The HPLC technique with UV-Vis detection was employed in the analysis of cocaine content in apprehended samples of cocaine and crack. A peak signal for cocaine was obtained in 3.5 minutes run by using acetonitrile/water (95:5v/v) as a mobile phase. Optimized spectrophotometric signal was obtained at a wavelength of 224 nm. The analytical curve from 1.0 to 40.0 ppm of cocaine was obtained, showing a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9989, with detection and quantification limits of 0.75 ppm and 3.78 ppm, respectively. This methodology was employed at the dosage of confiscated samples of cocaine and crack in the Scientific Police Laboratory of Ribeirão Preto-SP city

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Quantitative determination of amphetamines, cocaine, and opiates in human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Cited by 92 publications

References 20 publications

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Evaluation of amphetamine-type stimulant abuse through hair analysis: Results from 12 years of work

Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Biological Matrices

Análise do teor de cocaína em amostras apreendidas pela polícia utilizando-se a técnica de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência com detector UV-Vis

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