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In the study conducted, an environmentally friendly RPLC method using non-toxic ethanol instead of toxic organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol organic solvents was developed for the determination of 4-epitetracycline, 4-epioxytetracycline, and tetracycline, which are compounds of the tetracycline group with a broad spectrum of activity, in spiked human urine. In developing the liquid chromatographic method for the compounds studied, their liquid chromatographic behavior in the pH range of 2.5-7.0 was systematically investigated and the condition with 10% (v/v) ethanol in its structure, pH 3.0, and a column temperature of 37 oC was determined to be the optimum condition. Validation and robustness tests of the developed method were then carried out by the ICH guidelines. As a result of the validation and robustness tests, it was determined that the developed method is suitable for use in routine analyses. The developed method is linear in the range of 0.5-3.0 µg.mL-1 and the recovery results of the investigated compounds from spiked human urine were close to 100%. In addition, the greenness of the method developed in this study was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedures Index (GAPI) programs.
In the study conducted, an environmentally friendly RPLC method using non-toxic ethanol instead of toxic organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol organic solvents was developed for the determination of 4-epitetracycline, 4-epioxytetracycline, and tetracycline, which are compounds of the tetracycline group with a broad spectrum of activity, in spiked human urine. In developing the liquid chromatographic method for the compounds studied, their liquid chromatographic behavior in the pH range of 2.5-7.0 was systematically investigated and the condition with 10% (v/v) ethanol in its structure, pH 3.0, and a column temperature of 37 oC was determined to be the optimum condition. Validation and robustness tests of the developed method were then carried out by the ICH guidelines. As a result of the validation and robustness tests, it was determined that the developed method is suitable for use in routine analyses. The developed method is linear in the range of 0.5-3.0 µg.mL-1 and the recovery results of the investigated compounds from spiked human urine were close to 100%. In addition, the greenness of the method developed in this study was evaluated using the Analytical Greenness Metric Approach (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedures Index (GAPI) programs.
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to global food security, human health, and the future of livestock production. Higher rates of antimicrobial use in dairy farming and the sheer lack of new antimicrobials available for use focused attention on the question of how the dairy production sector contributed to the development of AMR and paved the path toward taking action to curtail it on the targeted type of farms. This paper aims to provide an introduction to a phenomenon that has gained considerable attention in the recent past due to its ever-increasing impact, the use of antimicrobial drugs, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on dairy farms, and seeks to discuss the possibilities of approaches such as digital health monitoring and precision livestock farming. Using sensors, data, knowledge, automation, etc., digital health monitoring, as well as Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), is expected to enhance health control and minimize disease and antimicrobial usage. The work presents a literature review on the current status and trends of AMR in dairy farms, an understanding of the concept of digital health monitoring and PLF, and the presentation and usefulness of digital health monitoring and PLF in preventing AMR. The study also analyses the strengths and weaknesses of adopting and incorporating digital technologies and artificial intelligence for dairy farming and presents areas for further study and level of use.
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