Quantitative evaluation of minerals in fly ashes of biomass, coal and biomass–coal mixture derived from circulating fluidised bed combustion technology

57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy investigations of iron phase composition in fluidized beds from the ELCHO power plant in Chorzów, Poland

“…The chemical composition of waste from different power plants can differ depending on the kind of fuel used [5,6]. Fluidized ashes usually contain a higher content of calcium as an oxide and as a sulphate [7].…”

Environmental Geochemistry of Ptolemais Lignites, Intermediate Steriles, and Combustion Products

“…It is evident that silicon is the predominant major element, in all types of samples examined by analytical and microscopic techniques. According to Koukouzas et al (2009) the major lignite (inorganic) minerals are quartz and clays, whereas there are also organic minerals such as weddelite. Besides, calcium is also essential in all samples, occurring mainly in the form of Ca-carbonate, Caoxide, and Ca-sulphate microparticles.…”

“…During lignite combustion the major, minor and trace elements may concentrate in fly ash, while the mineral matter undergoes a series of physical and chemical changes (Filippidis and Georgakopoulos 1992;Yan et al, 2001;Vamvuka et al, 2004;Koukouzas et al, 2007Koukouzas et al, , 2009Vamvuka et al, 2009;Vejahati et al, 2010). Lignite combustion processes result in emission of particulate matter to the environment resulting in high enrichment of certain elements against local soils or road dusts, such as S, Cl, Cu, As, Se, Br, Cd and Pb, and moderate enrichments in other elements e.g.…”

Effect of Surface Treatment and Particle Loading on the Mechanical Properties of CFB Fly Ash Reinforced Thermoset Composite

“…Aside from its contribution to the environment, CFB boilers are capable of burning low quality coal, lignite, and alternative fuels like biomass [3]. However, this technology produces fly ash that has limited applications in the cement and concrete industry as well as land reclamation restoration [4].…”