Quantitative genetics of disease resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Drangsholt, Tale Marie Karlsson; Gjerde, Bjarne; Ødegård, Jørgen; Finne-Fridell, Frode; Evensen, Øystein; Bentsen, Hans B.

doi:10.1038/hdy.2011.34

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The estimated heritabilities for liability for survival in the field (IPN) ranged from 0.47 to 0.48, similar to earlier reported estimates for IPN survival (in both challenge and field tests) [1-3]. Heritabilities for (healthy) growth rate, ranging from 0.25 to 0.35, and sexual maturation (at normal age), ranging from 0.32 to 0.33, were also similar to other reported estimates [20,21].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Survival, growth and sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis: a multi-variate mixture model approach

Lillehammer

Ødegård

Madsen

et al. 2013

Genetics Selection Evolution

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BackgroundOutbreaks of infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in Atlantic salmon can result in reduced growth rates in a fraction of the surviving fish (runts). Genetic and environmental variation also affects growth rates within different categories of healthy animals and runts, which complicates identification of runts. Mixture models are commonly used to identify the underlying structures in such data, and the aim of this study was to develop Bayesian mixture models for the genetic analysis of health status (runt/healthy) of surviving fish from an IPN outbreak.MethodsFive statistical models were tested on data consisting of 10 972 fish that died and 3959 survivors with recorded growth data. The most complex models (4 and 5) were multivariate normal-binary mixture models including growth, sexual maturity and field survival traits. Growth rate and liability of sexual maturation were treated as two-component normal mixtures, assuming phenotypes originated from two potentially overlapping distributions, (runt/normal). Runt status was an unobserved binary trait. These models were compared to mixture models with fewer traits (Models 2 and 3) and a classical linear animal model for growth (Model 1).ResultsAssuming growth as a mixture trait improved the predictive ability of the statistical model considerably (Model 2 vs. 1). The final models (4 and 5) yielded the following results: estimated (underlying) heritabilities were moderate for growth in healthy fish (0.32 ± 0.04 and 0.35 ± 0.05), runt status (0.39 ± 0.07 and 0.36 ± 0.08) and sexual maturation (0.33 ± 0.05), and high for field survival (0.47 ± 0.03 and 0.48 ± 0.03). Growth in healthy animals, runt status and survival showed consistent favourable genetic associations. Sexual maturation showed an unfavourable non-significant genetic correlation with runt status, but favourable genetic correlations with other traits. The estimated fraction of healthy fish was 81-85%. The estimated breeding values for runt status and (normal) growth were consistent for the most complex models (4 and 5), but showed imperfect correlations with estimated breeding values from the simpler models.ConclusionsModelling growth in IPN survivors as a mixture trait improved the predictive ability of the model compared with a classical linear model. The results indicated considerable genetic variation in health status among survivors. Mixture modelling may be useful for the genetic analysis of diseases detected mainly through indicator traits.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Survival after exposure to IPN virus is highly heritable in Atlantic salmon [1-3], where the majority of genetic variation is controlled by a single major QTL [4,5]. Under field conditions, infection with IPN virus not only causes mortality, but also poor growth of some of the affected survivors, so-called “IPN runts” [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival, growth and sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis: a multi-variate mixture model approach

Lillehammer

Ødegård

Madsen

et al. 2013

Genetics Selection Evolution

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“…Ten families of juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., that were selected based on their parents' estimated breeding value for vibriosis resistance were vaccinated against vibriosis with a highly effective vaccine and all families responded equally to challenge (Mikkelsen and Seppola ). In another study, vaccination was shown to mask genetic associations between resistance and different diseases in Atlantic salmon (Drangsholt et al ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination of Full‐sib Channel Catfish Families Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish with an Oral Live Attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Vaccine

Peterson¹,

Flora²,

Wood³

et al. 2016

J World Aquaculture Soc

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This study evaluated the efficacy of an oral live attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine against enteric septicemia of catfish in 20 full-sib fingerling channel catfish families. The vaccine was delivered orally by feeding fish a diet coated with an attenuated E. ictaluri isolate. Sixty-nine days postvaccination, control and vaccinated fish were challenged with virulent E. ictaluri and mortality was examined for 21 d postchallenge. Vaccinated fish had significantly lower mortality than nonvaccinated fish following challenge (P < 0.001). Mortality of vaccinated fish was 1.7 ± 1.4% as opposed to 47.8 ± 28.7% in nonvaccinated fish. Relative percent survival ranged from 87.7 to 100% with an average of 95.2 ± 4.0% (±SE) among the 20 families of fish. There were significant differences in mortality among families in nonvaccinated fish (P < 0.01) while there were no differences among vaccinated families of fish. Results indicate that the live attenuated E. ictaluri vaccine is effective at reducing mortality in channel catfish exposed to virulent E. ictaluri. These data demonstrate that genetic differences among healthy families of channel catfish are not major considerations in developing an effective vaccination program utilizing the oral vaccination platform described in this study.

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“…; 8 Imsland & Jonassen ; 9 Newkirk ; 10 Drangsholt et al . ; 11 Gunnes & Gjedrem ; 12 Hanke et al . ; 13 Stefansson et al .…”

Section: The Gxe Studies Published During 1964–2013unclassified

A review of genotype‐by‐environment interaction and micro‐environmental sensitivity in aquaculture species

Sae-Lim

Gjerde

Nielsen

et al. 2015

Reviews in Aquaculture

103

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Generating breeding programmes that effectively improve farmed fish performance across multiple environments and make fish more uniform within production environments would aid farmers to produce food under diverse environments. We review genotype-by-environment interaction leading to re-ranking of genotypes across environments, that is non-unity genetic correlation between traits measured in different environments, and micro-environmental sensitivity leading to a change in environmental variance of a trait. A quantitative review across 38 species showed that (i) genotype-by-environment interaction studies are lacking for many economically important traits. (ii) Re-ranking is moderate for growth (average genetic correlation = 0.72) and survival (average genetic correlation = 0.54). Significant re-ranking is of concern because selection in a nucleus leads to lower genetic responses in commercial environments compared to a case when re-ranking does not exist. (iii) Re-ranking is weak for age-at-sexual-maturity and fish appearance (average genetic correlation = 0.86), implying that genetic improvement in one environment is expected to be effective in the other environments. Future research should provide guidelines for how to account for genotype-by-environment interaction when collecting data, estimating breeding values and optimising the structure of the breeding programme. (iv) Coefficient of genetic variation for sensitivity against unknown micro-environmental factors within a single environment for body weight is high. Hence, genetic improvement towards less sensitive fish, resulting in more uniform production, is possible, but a large number of relatives with phenotypes is needed for obtaining moderate accuracy of selection. This review elucidates needs for further research on genotype-by-environment interaction and micro-environmental sensitivity in economically important traits and species.

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Quantitative genetics of disease resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 29 publications

References 17 publications

Survival, growth and sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis: a multi-variate mixture model approach

Survival, growth and sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis: a multi-variate mixture model approach

Vaccination of Full‐sib Channel Catfish Families Against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish with an Oral Live Attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Vaccine

A review of genotype‐by‐environment interaction and micro‐environmental sensitivity in aquaculture species

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