Quantitative growth and development of human brain

Dobbing, John; Sands, Jean

doi:10.1136/adc.48.10.757

Cited by 1,354 publications

(693 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Quantitative measurements of brain weight from autopsy data have been reported by Dobbing and Sands (1973) and by Dekaban and Sadowsky (1978). As shown in Figure 3, a linear correlation between brain weight and body weight was observed up to 10 kg body weight (corresponding to approximately 1 year) followed by a decreased rate of brain growth until the adult size was achieved.…”

Section: Response To Administration Of Glucosementioning

confidence: 87%

Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: range of acceptable intake

Kalhan

Kılıç

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for humans. Following their digestion, almost all ingested carbohydrates are converted to glucose. Glucose is the primary oxidative fuel for the brain. Although few studies have been done in infants and children to de®ne the upper and lower limits of carbohydrate intake, such information may be derived from the published data on glucose metabolism in vivo. The upper and lower limits are determined by the need to provide for total energy expenditure, need for other essential nutrients such as protein and fats, requirements of the glucose dependent tissues such as the brain, and the need to minimize the protein cost of gluconeogenesis and thus irreversible loss of nitrogen. With these considerations, the upper and lower boundaries of carbohydrate intake in relation to age are described.

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Section: Response To Administration Of Glucosementioning

confidence: 87%

Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: range of acceptable intake

Kalhan

Kılıç

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…The present head model was based on an anatomy typical for relatively young adults and for tissue properties from the literature. The results may vary with age as the geometry, composition, and material properties of human tissues change (22), and will also vary between individuals. The flow of CSF was not taken into account in the present simulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and SAR calculations for a human head within volume and surface coils at 64 and 300 MHz

Collins¹,

Liu²,

Wang³

et al. 2004

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

258

242

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Purpose: To examine relationships between specific energy absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions in the human head during radio frequency energy deposition in MRI. Materials and Methods:A multi-tissue numerical model of the head was developed that considered thermal conductivity, heat capacity, perfusion, heat of metabolism, electrical properties, and density. Calculations of SAR and the resulting temperature increase were performed for different coils at different frequencies.Results: Because of tissue-dependant perfusion rates and thermal conduction, there is not a good overall spatial correlation between SAR and temperature increase. When a volume coil is driven to induce a head average SAR level of either 3.0 or 3.2 W/kg, it is unlikely that a significant temperature increase in the brain will occur due to its high rate of perfusion, although limits on SAR in any 1 g of tissue in the head may be exceeded. Conclusion:Attempts to ensure RF safety in MRI often rely on assumptions about local temperature from local SAR levels. The relationship between local SAR and local temperature is not, however, straightforward. In cases where high SAR levels are required due to pulse sequence demands, calculations of temperature may be preferable to calculations of SAR because of the more direct relationship between temperature and safety.

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“…Dobbing's careful studies (Dobbing, 1974a;Dobbing, 1974b;Dobbing and Sands, 1973;Dobbing and Sands, 1979) emphasize unavoidable problems associated with human timetables. Undocumented dates of conception must be used, post mortem intervals and tissue preservation may vary considerably, and samples are limited to ages available through donations.…”

Section: Vulnerability Patterns and Growth Spurtsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans

et al. 2007

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To better understand the neurotoxic effects of diverse hazards on the developing human nervous system, researchers and clinicians rely on data collected from a number of model species that develop and mature at varying rates. We review the methods commonly used to extrapolate the timing of brain development from experimental mammalian species to humans, including morphological comparisons, "rules of thumb" and "event-based" analyses. Most are unavoidably limited in range or detail, many are necessarily restricted to rat/human comparisons, and few can identify brain regions that develop at different rates. We suggest this issue is best addressed using "neuroinformatics", an analysis that combines neuroscience, evolutionary science, statistical modeling and computer science. A current use of this approach relates numeric values assigned to ten mammalian species and hundreds of empirically derived developing neural events, including specific evolutionary advances in primates. The result is an accessible, online resource (http:// www.translatingtime.net/) that can be used to equate dates in the neurodevelopmental literature across laboratory species to humans, predict neurodevelopmental events for which data are lacking in humans, and help to develop clinically relevant experimental models.

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Quantitative growth and development of human brain

Cited by 1,354 publications

References 15 publications

Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: range of acceptable intake

Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: range of acceptable intake

Temperature and SAR calculations for a human head within volume and surface coils at 64 and 300 MHz

Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans

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