Quantitative muscle ultrasound in neuromuscular disorders using the parameters ‘intensity’, ‘entropy’, and ‘fractal dimension’

Abstract

The parameters are able to distinguish between healthy and affected musculature but not between distinct disease entities. Studies are needed to establish whether or not the parameters are helpful to monitor muscle involvement and disease progression in neuromuscular diseases.

Fractal dimension analysis reveals skeletal muscle disorganization in mdx mice

“…This fractal dimension analysis demonstrated that mdx soleus muscle exhibit disorganization in nuclear localization and in ECM arrangement. These fractal dimension data are consistent with Huber et al (2009), who showed that fractal dimension analysis was promising for the detection of muscle abnormalities in patients with neuromuscular disorders [18]. Additionally, fractal dimension analyses were previously used to characterize the distribution of muscle fiber type II in the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the adult rats [10].…”

Ultrasound characterization of medial gastrocnemius tissue composition in children with spastic cerebral palsy

“…To date, only a small number of studies have utilized higher order grayscale statistics (pABA and entropy) to determine spatial structure of ultrasound muscle images . Although Nielsen and colleagues established good test‐retest reproducibility of ultrasound grayscale analysis, it must be noted that this was undertaken in an adult population and not children with spastic muscle.…”

“…Entropy measures the granularity of the selected ROI. A homogeneous ROI has low information content (by definition) and therefore low entropy, whereas a more granular region has higher information content and thus higher entropy …”

Sonoelastography of Plantar Fascia: Reproducibility and Pattern Description in Healthy Subjects and Symptomatic Subjects

“…EV is a texture parameter that can be interpreted as the uniformity of the ultrasonographic pattern (Gdynia et al 2009;R ıos-D ıaz et al 2010),…”